Release: 2.0.42 | Release Date: July 29, 2025

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

# Dialects

The dialect is the system SQLAlchemy uses to communicate with various types of DBAPI implementations and databases. The sections that follow contain reference documentation and notes specific to the usage of each backend, as well as notes for the various DBAPIs.

All dialects require that an appropriate DBAPI driver is installed.

## Included Dialects

- PostgreSQL
- MySQL and MariaDB
- SQLite
- Oracle
- Microsoft SQL Server

### Supported versions for Included Dialects

The following table summarizes the support level for each included dialect.

Supported database versions for included dialects
Database | Supported version | Best effort
--- | --- | ---
Microsoft SQL Server | 2012+ | 2005+
MySQL / MariaDB | 5.6+ / 10+ | 5.0.2+ / 5.0.2+
Oracle Database | 11+ | 9+
PostgreSQL | 9.6+ | 9+
SQLite | 3.12+ | 3.7.16+

### Support Definitions

Supported version

  Supported version indicates that most SQLAlchemy features should work for the mentioned database version. Since not all database versions may be tested in the ci there may be some not working edge cases.

Best effort

  Best effort indicates that SQLAlchemy tries to support basic features on these versions, but most likely there will be unsupported features or errors in some use cases. Pull requests with associated issues may be accepted to continue supporting older versions, which are reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

## External Dialects

Currently maintained external dialect projects for SQLAlchemy include:

Database | Dialect
--- | ---
Actian Data Platform, Vector, Actian X, Ingres | sqlalchemy-ingres
Amazon Athena | pyathena
Amazon Aurora DSQL | aurora-dsql-sqlalchemy
Amazon Redshift (via psycopg2) | sqlalchemy-redshift
Apache Drill | sqlalchemy-drill
Apache Druid | pydruid
Apache Hive and Presto | PyHive
Apache Solr | sqlalchemy-solr
Clickhouse | clickhouse-sqlalchemy
CockroachDB | sqlalchemy-cockroachdb
CrateDB | sqlalchemy-cratedb
Databend | databend-sqlalchemy
Databricks | databricks
Denodo | denodo-sqlalchemy
EXASolution | sqlalchemy_exasol
Elasticsearch (readonly) | elasticsearch-dbapi
Firebird | sqlalchemy-firebird
Firebolt | firebolt-sqlalchemy
Google BigQuery | sqlalchemy-bigquery
Google Sheets | gsheets
Greenplum | sqlalchemy-greenplum
HyperSQL (hsqldb) | sqlalchemy-hsqldb
IBM DB2 and Informix | ibm-db-sa
IBM Netezza Performance Server [1] | nzalchemy
Impala | impyla
Kinetica | sqlalchemy-kinetica
Microsoft Access (via pyodbc) | sqlalchemy-access
Microsoft SQL Server (via python-tds) | sqlalchemy-pytds
Microsoft SQL Server (via turbodbc) | sqlalchemy-turbodbc
MonetDB | sqlalchemy-monetdb
OpenGauss | openGauss-sqlalchemy
Rockset | rockset-sqlalchemy
SAP ASE (fork of former Sybase dialect) | sqlalchemy-sybase
SAP HANA | sqlalchemy-hana
SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere | sqlalchemy-sqlany
Snowflake | snowflake-sqlalchemy
Teradata Vantage | teradatasqlalchemy
TiDB | sqlalchemy-tidb
YDB | ydb-sqlalchemy
YugabyteDB | sqlalchemy-yugabytedb

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Supports version 1.3.x only at the moment.