# module Net

### Constants

HTTPGatewayTimeOut

  Response class for `Gateway Timeout` responses (status code 504).

  The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPMovedTemporarily

  Response class for `Found` responses (status code 302).

  The `Found` response indicates that the client should look at (browse to) another URL.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPMultipleChoice

  Response class for `Multiple Choices` responses (status code 300).

  The `Multiple Choices` response indicates that the server offers multiple options for the resource from which the client may choose.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge

  Response class for `Payload Too Large` responses (status code 413).

  The request is larger than the server is willing or able to process.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPRequestTimeOut

  Response class for `Request Timeout` responses (status code 408).

  The server timed out waiting for the request.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPRequestURITooLarge

  Response class for `URI Too Long` responses (status code 414).

  The `URI` provided was too long for the server to process.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPRequestURITooLong

  Response class for `URI Too Long` responses (status code 414).

  The `URI` provided was too long for the server to process.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable

  Response class for `Range Not Satisfiable` responses (status code 416).

  The request entity has a media type which the server or resource does not support.

  This class also includes (indirectly) module `Net::HTTPHeader`, which gives access to its methods for getting headers.

  References:

  - Mozilla.

  - RFC 9110.

  - Wikipedia.

HTTPSession

  Class Net::HTTP provides a rich library that implements the client in a client-server model that uses the HTTP request-response protocol. For information about HTTP, see:

  - Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

  - Technical overview.

  ## About the Examples¶ ↑

  Examples here assume that `net/http` has been required (which also requires `uri`):

      require 'net/http'

  Many code examples here use these example websites:

  - jsonplaceholder.typicode.com.

  - example.com.

  Some examples also assume these variables:

      uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/')
      uri.freeze # Examples may not modify.
      hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
      path = uri.path         # => "/"
      port = uri.port         # => 443

  So that example requests may be written as:

      Net::HTTP.get(uri)
      Net::HTTP.get(hostname, '/index.html')
      Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
        http.get('/todos/1')
        http.get('/todos/2')
      end

  An example that needs a modified `URI` first duplicates `uri`, then modifies the duplicate:

      _uri = uri.dup
      _uri.path = '/todos/1'

  ## Strategies¶ ↑

  - If you will make only a few GET requests, consider using `OpenURI`.

  - If you will make only a few requests of all kinds, consider using the various singleton convenience methods in this class. Each of the following methods automatically starts and finishes a session that sends a single request:

        # Return string response body.
        Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
        Net::HTTP.get(uri)

        # Write string response body to $stdout.
        Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path)
        Net::HTTP.get_print(uri)

        # Return response as Net::HTTPResponse object.
        Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path)
        Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
        data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
        Net::HTTP.post(uri, data)
        params = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
        Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)
        data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
        Net::HTTP.put(uri, data)

  - If performance is important, consider using sessions, which lower request overhead. This session has multiple requests for HTTP methods and WebDAV methods:

        Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
          # Session started automatically before block execution.
          http.get(path)
          http.head(path)
          body = 'Some text'
          http.post(path, body)  # Can also have a block.
          http.put(path, body)
          http.delete(path)
          http.options(path)
          http.trace(path)
          http.patch(path, body) # Can also have a block.
          http.copy(path)
          http.lock(path, body)
          http.mkcol(path, body)
          http.move(path)
          http.propfind(path, body)
          http.proppatch(path, body)
          http.unlock(path, body)
          # Session finished automatically at block exit.
        end

  The methods cited above are convenience methods that, via their few arguments, allow minimal control over the requests. For greater control, consider using request objects.

  ## URIs¶ ↑

  On the internet, a `URI` (Universal Resource Identifier) is a string that identifies a particular resource. It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment; see URI syntax.

  A Ruby `URI::Generic` object represents an internet `URI`. It provides, among others, methods `scheme`, `hostname`, `path`, `query`, and `fragment`.

  ### Schemes¶ ↑

  An internet URI has a scheme.

  The two schemes supported in Net::HTTP are `'https'` and `'http'`:

      uri.scheme                       # => "https"
      URI('http://example.com').scheme # => "http"

  ### Hostnames¶ ↑

  A hostname identifies a server (host) to which requests may be sent:

      hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
      Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
        # Some HTTP stuff.
      end

  ### Paths¶ ↑

  A host-specific path identifies a resource on the host:

      _uri = uri.dup
      _uri.path = '/todos/1'
      hostname = _uri.hostname
      path = _uri.path
      Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

  ### Queries¶ ↑

  A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:

      _uri = uri.dup
      params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
      _uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
      _uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com?userId=1&completed=false>
      Net::HTTP.get(_uri)

  ### Fragments¶ ↑

  A URI fragment has no effect in Net::HTTP; the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.

  ## Request Headers¶ ↑

  Request headers may be used to pass additional information to the host, similar to arguments passed in a method call; each header is a name/value pair.

  Each of the Net::HTTP methods that sends a request to the host has optional argument `headers`, where the headers are expressed as a hash of field-name/value pairs:

      headers = {Accept: 'application/json', Connection: 'Keep-Alive'}
      Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

  See lists of both standard request fields and common request fields at Request Fields. A host may also accept other custom fields.

  ## HTTP Sessions¶ ↑

  A session is a connection between a server (host) and a client that:

  - Is begun by instance method `Net::HTTP#start`.

  - May contain any number of requests.

  - Is ended by instance method `Net::HTTP#finish`.

  See example sessions at Strategies.

  ### Session Using Net::HTTP.start¶ ↑

  If you have many requests to make to a single host (and port), consider using singleton method `Net::HTTP.start` with a block; the method handles the session automatically by:

  - Calling start before block execution.

  - Executing the block.

  - Calling finish after block execution.

  In the block, you can use these instance methods, each of which that sends a single request:

  - HTTP methods:

    - get, request_get: GET.

    - head, request_head: HEAD.

    - post, request_post: POST.

    - delete: DELETE.

    - options: OPTIONS.

    - trace: TRACE.

    - patch: PATCH.

  - WebDAV methods:

    - copy: COPY.

    - lock: LOCK.

    - mkcol: MKCOL.

    - move: MOVE.

    - propfind: PROPFIND.

    - proppatch: PROPPATCH.

    - unlock: UNLOCK.

  ### Session Using Net::HTTP.start and Net::HTTP.finish¶ ↑

  You can manage a session manually using methods start and finish:

      http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
      http.start
      http.get('/todos/1')
      http.get('/todos/2')
      http.delete('/posts/1')
      http.finish # Needed to free resources.

  ### Single-Request Session¶ ↑

  Certain convenience methods automatically handle a session by:

  - Creating an HTTP object

  - Starting a session.

  - Sending a single request.

  - Finishing the session.

  - Destroying the object.

  Such methods that send GET requests:

  - ::get: Returns the string response body.

  - ::get_print: Writes the string response body to $stdout.

  - ::get_response: Returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

  Such methods that send POST requests:

  - ::post: Posts data to the host.

  - ::post_form: Posts form data to the host.

  ## HTTP Requests and Responses¶ ↑

  Many of the methods above are convenience methods, each of which sends a request and returns a string without directly using Net::HTTPRequest and Net::HTTPResponse objects.

  You can, however, directly create a request object, send the request, and retrieve the response object; see:

  - `Net::HTTPRequest`.

  - `Net::HTTPResponse`.

  ## Following Redirection¶ ↑

  Each returned response is an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`. See the response class hierarchy.

  In particular, class `Net::HTTPRedirection` is the parent of all redirection classes. This allows you to craft a case statement to handle redirections properly:

      def fetch(uri, limit = 10)
        # You should choose a better exception.
        raise ArgumentError, 'Too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0

        res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri))
        case res
        when Net::HTTPSuccess     # Any success class.
          res
        when Net::HTTPRedirection # Any redirection class.
          location = res['Location']
          warn "Redirected to #{location}"
          fetch(location, limit - 1)
        else                      # Any other class.
          res.value
        end
      end

      fetch(uri)

  ## Basic Authentication¶ ↑

  Basic authentication is performed according to RFC2617:

      req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
      req.basic_auth('user', 'pass')
      res = Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
        http.request(req)
      end

  ## Streaming Response Bodies¶ ↑

  By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an `IO`.

      Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
        req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
        http.request(req) do |res|
          open('t.tmp', 'w') do |f|
            res.read_body do |chunk|
              f.write chunk
            end
          end
        end
      end

  ## HTTPS¶ ↑

  HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by `Net::HTTP#use_ssl=`:

      Net::HTTP.start(hostname, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
        req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
        res = http.request(req)
      end

  Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a `URI` object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS verification if the `URI` object has a ‘https’ `URI` scheme:

      uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
      Net::HTTP.get(uri)

  ## Proxy Server¶ ↑

  An HTTP object can have a proxy server.

  You can create an HTTP object with a proxy server using method `Net::HTTP.new` or method `Net::HTTP.start`.

  The proxy may be defined either by argument `p_addr` or by environment variable `'http_proxy'`.

  ### Proxy Using Argument `p_addr` as a String¶ ↑

  When argument `p_addr` is a string hostname, the returned `http` has the given host as its proxy:

      http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example')
      http.proxy?          # => true
      http.proxy_from_env? # => false
      http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
      # These use default values.
      http.proxy_port      # => 80
      http.proxy_user      # => nil
      http.proxy_pass      # => nil

  The port, username, and password for the proxy may also be given:

      http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass')
      # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
      http.proxy?          # => true
      http.proxy_from_env? # => false
      http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
      http.proxy_port      # => 8000
      http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
      http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"

  ### Proxy Using ‘`ENV['http_proxy']`’¶ ↑

  When environment variable `'http_proxy'` is set to a URI string, the returned `http` will have the server at that `URI` as its proxy; note that the URI string must have a protocol such as `'http'` or `'https'`:

      ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://example.com'
      http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
      http.proxy?          # => true
      http.proxy_from_env? # => true
      http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
      # These use default values.
      http.proxy_port      # => 80
      http.proxy_user      # => nil
      http.proxy_pass      # => nil

  The URI string may include proxy username, password, and port number:

      ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://pname:ppass@example.com:8000'
      http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
      http.proxy?          # => true
      http.proxy_from_env? # => true
      http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
      http.proxy_port      # => 8000
      http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
      http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"

  ### Filtering Proxies¶ ↑

  With method `Net::HTTP.new` (but not `Net::HTTP.start`), you can use argument `p_no_proxy` to filter proxies:

  - Reject a certain address:

        http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
        http.proxy_address # => nil

  - Reject certain domains or subdomains:

        http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
        http.proxy_address # => nil

  - Reject certain addresses and port combinations:

        http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:1234')
        http.proxy_address # => "proxy.example"

        http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:8000')
        http.proxy_address # => nil

  - Reject a list of the types above delimited using a comma:

        http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
        http.proxy_address # => nil

        http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
        http.proxy_address # => nil

  ## Compression and Decompression¶ ↑

  Net::HTTP does not compress the body of a request before sending.

  By default, Net::HTTP adds header `'Accept-Encoding'` to a new request object:

      Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)['Accept-Encoding']
      # => "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"

  This requests the server to zip-encode the response body if there is one; the server is not required to do so.

  Net::HTTP does not automatically decompress a response body if the response has header `'Content-Range'`.

  Otherwise decompression (or not) depends on the value of header Content-Encoding:

  - `'deflate'`, `'gzip'`, or `'x-gzip'`: decompresses the body and deletes the header.

  - `'none'` or `'identity'`: does not decompress the body, but deletes the header.

  - Any other value: leaves the body and header unchanged.

  ## What’s Here¶ ↑

  First, what’s elsewhere. Class `Net::HTTP`:

  - Inherits from class Object.

  This is a categorized summary of methods and attributes.

  ### Net::HTTP Objects¶ ↑

  - ::new: Creates a new instance.

  - #inspect: Returns a string representation of `self`.

  ### Sessions¶ ↑

  - ::start: Begins a new session in a new Net::HTTP object.

  - #started?: Returns whether in a session.

  - #finish: Ends an active session.

  - #start: Begins a new session in an existing Net::HTTP object (`self`).

  ### Connections¶ ↑

  - :continue_timeout: Returns the continue timeout.

  - #continue_timeout=: Sets the continue timeout seconds.

  - :keep_alive_timeout: Returns the keep-alive timeout.

  - :keep_alive_timeout=: Sets the keep-alive timeout.

  - :max_retries: Returns the maximum retries.

  - #max_retries=: Sets the maximum retries.

  - :open_timeout: Returns the open timeout.

  - :open_timeout=: Sets the open timeout.

  - :read_timeout: Returns the open timeout.

  - :read_timeout=: Sets the read timeout.

  - :ssl_timeout: Returns the ssl timeout.

  - :ssl_timeout=: Sets the ssl timeout.

  - :write_timeout: Returns the write timeout.

  - write_timeout=: Sets the write timeout.

  ### Requests¶ ↑

  - ::get: Sends a GET request and returns the string response body.

  - ::get_print: Sends a GET request and write the string response body to $stdout.

  - ::get_response: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.

  - ::post_form: Sends a POST request with form data and returns a response object.

  - ::post: Sends a POST request with data and returns a response object.

  - ::put: Sends a PUT request with data and returns a response object.

  - #copy: Sends a COPY request and returns a response object.

  - #delete: Sends a DELETE request and returns a response object.

  - #get: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.

  - #head: Sends a HEAD request and returns a response object.

  - #lock: Sends a LOCK request and returns a response object.

  - #mkcol: Sends a MKCOL request and returns a response object.

  - #move: Sends a MOVE request and returns a response object.

  - #options: Sends a OPTIONS request and returns a response object.

  - #patch: Sends a PATCH request and returns a response object.

  - #post: Sends a POST request and returns a response object.

  - #propfind: Sends a PROPFIND request and returns a response object.

  - #proppatch: Sends a PROPPATCH request and returns a response object.

  - #put: Sends a PUT request and returns a response object.

  - #request: Sends a request and returns a response object.

  - #request_get: Sends a GET request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

  - #request_head: Sends a HEAD request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

  - #request_post: Sends a POST request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

  - #send_request: Sends a request and returns a response object.

  - #trace: Sends a TRACE request and returns a response object.

  - #unlock: Sends an UNLOCK request and returns a response object.

  ### Responses¶ ↑

  - :close_on_empty_response: Returns whether to close connection on empty response.

  - :close_on_empty_response=: Sets whether to close connection on empty response.

  - :ignore_eof: Returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with `Content-Length` headers.

  - :ignore_eof=: Sets whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with `Content-Length` headers.

  - :response_body_encoding: Returns the encoding to use for the response body.

  - #response_body_encoding=: Sets the response body encoding.

  ### Proxies¶ ↑

  - :proxy_address: Returns the proxy address.

  - :proxy_address=: Sets the proxy address.

  - ::proxy_class?: Returns whether `self` is a proxy class.

  - #proxy?: Returns whether `self` has a proxy.

  - #proxy_address: Returns the proxy address.

  - #proxy_from_env?: Returns whether the proxy is taken from an environment variable.

  - :proxy_from_env=: Sets whether the proxy is to be taken from an environment variable.

  - :proxy_pass: Returns the proxy password.

  - :proxy_pass=: Sets the proxy password.

  - :proxy_port: Returns the proxy port.

  - :proxy_port=: Sets the proxy port.

  - #proxy_user: Returns the proxy user name.

  - :proxy_user=: Sets the proxy user.

  ### Security¶ ↑

  - :ca_file: Returns the path to a CA certification file.

  - :ca_file=: Sets the path to a CA certification file.

  - :ca_path: Returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files.

  - :ca_path=: Sets the path of to CA directory containing certification files.

  - :cert: Returns the `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` object to be used for client certification.

  - :cert=: Sets the `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` object to be used for client certification.

  - :cert_store: Returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

  - :cert_store=: Sets the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

  - :ciphers: Returns the available SSL ciphers.

  - :ciphers=: Sets the available SSL ciphers.

  - :extra_chain_cert: Returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

  - :extra_chain_cert=: Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

  - :key: Returns the `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA` or `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` object.

  - :key=: Sets the `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA` or `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` object.

  - :max_version: Returns the maximum SSL version.

  - :max_version=: Sets the maximum SSL version.

  - :min_version: Returns the minimum SSL version.

  - :min_version=: Sets the minimum SSL version.

  - #peer_cert: Returns the X509 certificate chain for the session’s socket peer.

  - :ssl_version: Returns the SSL version.

  - :ssl_version=: Sets the SSL version.

  - #use_ssl=: Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security.

  - #use_ssl?: Returns whether `self` uses SSL.

  - :verify_callback: Returns the callback for the server certification verification.

  - :verify_callback=: Sets the callback for the server certification verification.

  - :verify_depth: Returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

  - :verify_depth=: Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

  - :verify_hostname: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  - :verify_hostname=: Sets he flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  - :verify_mode: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  - :verify_mode=: Sets the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  ### Addresses and Ports¶ ↑

  - :address: Returns the string host name or host IP.

  - ::default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for `HTTP` requests.

  - ::http_default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for `HTTP` requests.

  - ::https_default_port: Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests.

  - #ipaddr: Returns the IP address for the connection.

  - #ipaddr=: Sets the IP address for the connection.

  - :local_host: Returns the string local host used to establish the connection.

  - :local_host=: Sets the string local host used to establish the connection.

  - :local_port: Returns the integer local port used to establish the connection.

  - :local_port=: Sets the integer local port used to establish the connection.

  - :port: Returns the integer port number.

  ### HTTP Version¶ ↑

  - ::version_1_2? (aliased as ::version_1_2): Returns true; retained for compatibility.

  ### Debugging¶ ↑

  - #set_debug_output: Sets the output stream for debugging.