# class Tempfile

A utility class for managing temporary files.

There are two kind of methods of creating a temporary file:

- `Tempfile.create` (recommended)

- `Tempfile.new` and `Tempfile.open` (mostly for backward compatibility, not recommended)

`Tempfile.create` creates a usual File object. The timing of file deletion is predictable. Also, it supports open-and-unlink technique which removes the temporary file immediately after creation.

`Tempfile.new` and `Tempfile.open` creates a Tempfile object. The created file is removed by the `GC` (finalizer). The timing of file deletion is not predictable.

## Synopsis¶ ↑

    require 'tempfile'

    # Tempfile.create with a block
    # The filename are choosen automatically.
    # (You can specify the prefix and suffix of the filename by an optional argument.)
    Tempfile.create {|f|
      f.puts "foo"
      f.rewind
      f.read                # => "foo\n"
    }                       # The file is removed at block exit.

    # Tempfile.create without a block
    # You need to unlink the file in non-block form.
    f = Tempfile.create
    f.puts "foo"
    f.close
    File.unlink(f.path)     # You need to unlink the file.

    # Tempfile.create(anonymous: true) without a block
    f = Tempfile.create(anonymous: true)
    # The file is already removed because anonymous.
    f.path                  # => "/tmp/"  (no filename since no file)
    f.puts "foo"
    f.rewind
    f.read                  # => "foo\n"
    f.close

    # Tempfile.create(anonymous: true) with a block
    Tempfile.create(anonymous: true) {|f|
      # The file is already removed because anonymous.
      f.path                # => "/tmp/"  (no filename since no file)
      f.puts "foo"
      f.rewind
      f.read                # => "foo\n"
    }

    # Not recommended: Tempfile.new without a block
    file = Tempfile.new('foo')
    file.path      # => A unique filename in the OS's temp directory,
                   #    e.g.: "/tmp/foo.24722.0"
                   #    This filename contains 'foo' in its basename.
    file.write("hello world")
    file.rewind
    file.read      # => "hello world"
    file.close
    file.unlink    # deletes the temp file

## About `Tempfile.new` and `Tempfile.open`¶ ↑

This section does not apply to `Tempfile.create` because it returns a `File` object (not a `Tempfile` object).

When you create a `Tempfile` object, it will create a temporary file with a unique filename. A `Tempfile` objects behaves just like a `File` object, and you can perform all the usual file operations on it: reading data, writing data, changing its permissions, etc. So although this class does not explicitly document all instance methods supported by `File`, you can in fact call any `File` instance method on a `Tempfile` object.

A `Tempfile` object has a finalizer to remove the temporary file. This means that the temporary file is removed via `GC`. This can cause several problems:

- Long `GC` intervals and conservative `GC` can accumulate temporary files that are not removed.

- Temporary files are not removed if Ruby exits abnormally (such as SIGKILL, SEGV).

There are legacy good practices for `Tempfile.new` and `Tempfile.open` as follows.

### Explicit close¶ ↑

When a `Tempfile` object is garbage collected, or when the Ruby interpreter exits, its associated temporary file is automatically deleted. This means that it’s unnecessary to explicitly delete a `Tempfile` after use, though it’s a good practice to do so: not explicitly deleting unused Tempfiles can potentially leave behind a large number of temp files on the filesystem until they’re garbage collected. The existence of these temp files can make it harder to determine a new `Tempfile` filename.

Therefore, one should always call `unlink` or close in an ensure block, like this:

    file = Tempfile.new('foo')
    begin
       # ...do something with file...
    ensure
       file.close
       file.unlink   # deletes the temp file
    end

`Tempfile.create` { … } exists for this purpose and is more convenient to use. Note that `Tempfile.create` returns a `File` instance instead of a `Tempfile`, which also avoids the overhead and complications of delegation.

    Tempfile.create('foo') do |file|
       # ...do something with file...
    end

### Unlink after creation¶ ↑

On POSIX systems, it’s possible to unlink a file right after creating it, and before closing it. This removes the filesystem entry without closing the file handle, so it ensures that only the processes that already had the file handle open can access the file’s contents. It’s strongly recommended that you do this if you do not want any other processes to be able to read from or write to the `Tempfile`, and you do not need to know the Tempfile’s filename either.

Also, this guarantees the temporary file is removed even if Ruby exits abnormally. The OS reclaims the storage for the temporary file when the file is closed or the Ruby process exits (normally or abnormally).

For example, a practical use case for unlink-after-creation would be this: you need a large byte buffer that’s too large to comfortably fit in RAM, e.g. when you’re writing a web server and you want to buffer the client’s file upload data.

‘Tempfile.create(anonymous: true)` supports this behavior. It also works on Windows.

## Minor notes¶ ↑

Tempfile’s filename picking method is both thread-safe and inter-process-safe: it guarantees that no other threads or processes will pick the same filename.

`Tempfile` itself however may not be entirely thread-safe. If you access the same `Tempfile` object from multiple threads then you should protect it with a mutex.

### Constants

VERSION

  The version

### Public Class Methods

create (basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, anonymous: false, **options, &block)
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 558
    def Tempfile.create(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, anonymous: false, **options, &block)
      if anonymous
        create_anonymous(basename, tmpdir, mode: mode, **options, &block)
      else
        create_with_filename(basename, tmpdir, mode: mode, **options, &block)
      end
    end

Creates a file in the underlying file system; returns a new File object based on that file.

With no block given and no arguments, creates and returns file whose:

- `Class` is `File` (not Tempfile).

- Directory is the system temporary directory (system-dependent).

- Generated filename is unique in that directory.

- Permissions are `0600`; see File Permissions.

- Mode is `'w+'` (read/write mode, positioned at the end).

The temporary file removal depends on the keyword argument `anonymous` and whether a block is given or not. See the description about the `anonymous` keyword argument later.

Example:

    f = Tempfile.create     # => #<File:/tmp/20220505-9795-17ky6f6>
    f.class                 # => File
    f.path                  # => "/tmp/20220505-9795-17ky6f6"
    f.stat.mode.to_s(8)     # => "100600"
    f.close
    File.exist?(f.path)     # => true
    File.unlink(f.path)
    File.exist?(f.path)     # => false

    Tempfile.create {|f|
      f.puts "foo"
      f.rewind
      f.read                # => "foo\n"
      f.path                # => "/tmp/20240524-380207-oma0ny"
      File.exist?(f.path)   # => true
    }                       # The file is removed at block exit.

    f = Tempfile.create(anonymous: true)
    # The file is already removed because anonymous
    f.path                  # => "/tmp/"  (no filename since no file)
    f.puts "foo"
    f.rewind
    f.read                  # => "foo\n"
    f.close

    Tempfile.create(anonymous: true) {|f|
      # The file is already removed because anonymous
      f.path                # => "/tmp/"  (no filename since no file)
      f.puts "foo"
      f.rewind
      f.read                # => "foo\n"
    }

The argument `basename`, if given, may be one of the following:

- A string: the generated filename begins with `basename`:

      Tempfile.create('foo') # => #<File:/tmp/foo20220505-9795-1gok8l9>

- An array of two strings `[prefix, suffix]`: the generated filename begins with `prefix` and ends with `suffix`:

      Tempfile.create(%w/foo .jpg/) # => #<File:/tmp/foo20220505-17839-tnjchh.jpg>

With arguments `basename` and `tmpdir`, the file is created in the directory `tmpdir`:

    Tempfile.create('foo', '.') # => #<File:./foo20220505-9795-1emu6g8>

Keyword arguments `mode` and `options` are passed directly to the method `File.open`:

- The value given for `mode` must be an integer and may be expressed as the logical OR of constants defined in `File::Constants`.

- For `options`, see Open Options.

The keyword argument `anonymous` specifies when the file is removed.

- `anonymous=false` (default) without a block: the file is not removed.

- `anonymous=false` (default) with a block: the file is removed after the block exits.

- `anonymous=true` without a block: the file is removed before returning.

- `anonymous=true` with a block: the file is removed before the block is called.

In the first case (`anonymous=false` without a block), the file is not removed automatically. It should be explicitly closed. It can be used to rename to the desired filename. If the file is not needed, it should be explicitly removed.

The `File#path` method of the created file object returns the temporary directory with a trailing slash when `anonymous` is true.

When a block is given, it creates the file as described above, passes it to the block, and returns the block’s value. Before the returning, the file object is closed and the underlying file is removed:

    Tempfile.create {|file| file.path } # => "/tmp/20220505-9795-rkists"

Implementation note:

The keyword argument +anonymous=true+ is implemented using FILE_SHARE_DELETE on Windows. O_TMPFILE is used on Linux.

Related: `Tempfile.new`.

new (basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options)
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 219
    def initialize(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options)
      warn "Tempfile.new doesn't call the given block.", uplevel: 1 if block_given?

      @unlinked = false
      @mode = mode|File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL
      tmpfile = nil
      ::Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, **options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
        opts[:perm] = 0600
        tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, @mode, **opts)
        @opts = opts.freeze
      end

      super(tmpfile)

      @finalizer_manager = FinalizerManager.new(__getobj__.path)
      @finalizer_manager.register(self, __getobj__)
    end

Creates a file in the underlying file system; returns a new Tempfile object based on that file.

If possible, consider instead using `Tempfile.create`, which:

- Avoids the performance cost of delegation, incurred when `Tempfile.new` calls its superclass `DelegateClass(File)`.

- Does not rely on a finalizer to close and unlink the file, which can be unreliable.

Creates and returns file whose:

- `Class` is Tempfile (not File, as in `Tempfile.create`).

- Directory is the system temporary directory (system-dependent).

- Generated filename is unique in that directory.

- Permissions are `0600`; see File Permissions.

- Mode is `'w+'` (read/write mode, positioned at the end).

The underlying file is removed when the Tempfile object dies and is reclaimed by the garbage collector.

Example:

    f = Tempfile.new # => #<Tempfile:/tmp/20220505-17839-1s0kt30>
    f.class               # => Tempfile
    f.path                # => "/tmp/20220505-17839-1s0kt30"
    f.stat.mode.to_s(8)   # => "100600"
    File.exist?(f.path)   # => true
    File.unlink(f.path)   #
    File.exist?(f.path)   # => false

Argument `basename`, if given, may be one of:

- A string: the generated filename begins with `basename`:

      Tempfile.new('foo') # => #<Tempfile:/tmp/foo20220505-17839-1whk2f>

- An array of two strings `[prefix, suffix]`: the generated filename begins with `prefix` and ends with `suffix`:

      Tempfile.new(%w/foo .jpg/) # => #<Tempfile:/tmp/foo20220505-17839-58xtfi.jpg>

With arguments `basename` and `tmpdir`, the file is created in directory `tmpdir`:

    Tempfile.new('foo', '.') # => #<Tempfile:./foo20220505-17839-xfstr8>

Keyword arguments `mode` and `options` are passed directly to method `File.open`:

- The value given with `mode` must be an integer, and may be expressed as the logical OR of constants defined in `File::Constants`.

- For `options`, see Open Options.

Related: `Tempfile.create`.

Calls superclass method
open (*args, **kw) { |tempfile| ... }
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 439
    def open(*args, **kw)
      tempfile = new(*args, **kw)

      if block_given?
        begin
          yield(tempfile)
        ensure
          tempfile.close
        end
      else
        tempfile
      end
    end

Creates a new `Tempfile`.

This method is not recommended and exists mostly for backward compatibility. Please use `Tempfile.create` instead, which avoids the cost of delegation, does not rely on a finalizer, and also unlinks the file when given a block.

`Tempfile.open` is still appropriate if you need the `Tempfile` to be unlinked by a finalizer and you cannot explicitly know where in the program the `Tempfile` can be unlinked safely.

If no block is given, this is a synonym for `Tempfile.new`.

If a block is given, then a `Tempfile` object will be constructed, and the block is run with the `Tempfile` object as argument. The `Tempfile` object will be automatically closed after the block terminates. However, the file will not be unlinked and needs to be manually unlinked with `Tempfile#close!` or `Tempfile#unlink`. The finalizer will try to unlink but should not be relied upon as it can keep the file on the disk much longer than intended. For instance, on CRuby, finalizers can be delayed due to conservative stack scanning and references left in unused memory.

The call returns the value of the block.

In any case, all arguments (`*args`) will be passed to `Tempfile.new`.

    Tempfile.open('foo', '/home/temp') do |f|
       # ... do something with f ...
    end

    # Equivalent:
    f = Tempfile.open('foo', '/home/temp')
    begin
       # ... do something with f ...
    ensure
       f.close
    end

### Private Class Methods

create_anonymous (basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options) { |tmpfile| ... }
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 606
            def create_anonymous(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options, &block)
      tmpfile = nil
      tmpdir = Dir.tmpdir() if tmpdir.nil?
      if defined?(File::TMPFILE) # O_TMPFILE since Linux 3.11
        begin
          tmpfile = File.open(tmpdir, File::RDWR | File::TMPFILE, 0600)
        rescue Errno::EISDIR, Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
          # kernel or the filesystem does not support O_TMPFILE
          # fallback to create-and-unlink
        end
      end
      if tmpfile.nil?
        mode |= File::SHARE_DELETE | File::BINARY # Windows needs them to unlink the opened file.
        tmpfile = create_with_filename(basename, tmpdir, mode: mode, **options)
        File.unlink(tmpfile.path)
        tmppath = tmpfile.path
      end
      path = File.join(tmpdir, '')
      unless tmppath == path
        # clear path.
        tmpfile.autoclose = false
        tmpfile = File.new(tmpfile.fileno, mode: File::RDWR, path: path)
        PathAttr.set_path(tmpfile, path) if defined?(PathAttr)
      end
      if block
        begin
          yield tmpfile
        ensure
          tmpfile.close
        end
      else
        tmpfile
      end
    end

create_with_filename (basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options) { |tmpfile| ... }
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 567
            def create_with_filename(basename="", tmpdir=nil, mode: 0, **options)
      tmpfile = nil
      Dir::Tmpname.create(basename, tmpdir, **options) do |tmpname, n, opts|
        mode |= File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL
        opts[:perm] = 0600
        tmpfile = File.open(tmpname, mode, **opts)
      end
      if block_given?
        begin
          yield tmpfile
        ensure
          unless tmpfile.closed?
            if File.identical?(tmpfile, tmpfile.path)
              unlinked = File.unlink tmpfile.path rescue nil
            end
            tmpfile.close
          end
          unless unlinked
            begin
              File.unlink tmpfile.path
            rescue Errno::ENOENT
            end
          end
        end
      else
        tmpfile
      end
    end

### Public Instance Methods

close (unlink_now=false)
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 279
    def close(unlink_now=false)
      _close
      unlink if unlink_now
    end

Closes the file. If `unlink_now` is true, then the file will be unlinked (deleted) after closing. Of course, you can choose to later call `unlink` if you do not unlink it now.

If you don’t explicitly unlink the temporary file, the removal will be delayed until the object is finalized.

close! ()
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 286
    def close!
      close(true)
    end

Closes and unlinks (deletes) the file. Has the same effect as called `close(true)`.

delete ()
Alias for: unlink
length ()
Alias for: size
open ()
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 257
    def open
      _close

      mode = @mode & ~(File::CREAT|File::EXCL)
      __setobj__(File.open(__getobj__.path, mode, **@opts))

      @finalizer_manager.register(self, __getobj__)

      __getobj__
    end

Opens or reopens the file with mode “r+”.

path ()
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 341
    def path
      @unlinked ? nil : __getobj__.path
    end

Returns the full path name of the temporary file. This will be nil if `unlink` has been called.

size ()
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 347
    def size
      if !__getobj__.closed?
        __getobj__.size # File#size calls rb_io_flush_raw()
      else
        File.size(__getobj__.path)
      end
    end

Returns the size of the temporary file. As a side effect, the `IO` buffer is flushed before determining the size.

Also aliased as: length
unlink ()
Source

    # File lib/tempfile.rb, line 323
    def unlink
      return if @unlinked
      begin
        File.unlink(__getobj__.path)
      rescue Errno::ENOENT
      rescue Errno::EACCES
        # may not be able to unlink on Windows; just ignore
        return
      end

      @finalizer_manager.unlinked = true

      @unlinked = true
    end

Unlinks (deletes) the file from the filesystem. One should always unlink the file after using it, as is explained in the “Explicit close” good practice section in the `Tempfile` overview:

    file = Tempfile.new('foo')
    begin
       # ...do something with file...
    ensure
       file.close
       file.unlink   # deletes the temp file
    end

### Unlink-before-close¶ ↑

On POSIX systems it’s possible to unlink a file before closing it. This practice is explained in detail in the `Tempfile` overview (section “Unlink after creation”); please refer there for more information.

However, unlink-before-close may not be supported on non-POSIX operating systems. Microsoft Windows is the most notable case: unlinking a non-closed file will result in an error, which this method will silently ignore. If you want to practice unlink-before-close whenever possible, then you should write code like this:

    file = Tempfile.new('foo')
    file.unlink   # On Windows this silently fails.
    begin
       # ... do something with file ...
    ensure
       file.close!   # Closes the file handle. If the file wasn't unlinked
                     # because #unlink failed, then this method will attempt
                     # to do so again.
    end

Also aliased as: delete