# module Math

The Math module contains module functions for basic trigonometric and transcendental functions. See class Float for a list of constants that define Ruby's floating point accuracy.

Domains and codomains are given only for real (not complex) numbers.

### Constants

E

  Definition of the mathematical constant E (e) as a Float number.

PI

  Definition of the mathematical constant PI as a Float number.

### Public Class Methods

acos(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the arc cosine of `x`. Returns 0..PI.

Domain: [-1, 1]

Codomain: [0, PI]

    Math.acos(0) == Math::PI/2  #=> true

    static VALUE
    math_acos(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        double d;

        d = Get_Double(x);
        /* check for domain error */
        if (d < -1.0 || 1.0 < d) domain_error("acos");
        return DBL2NUM(acos(d));
    }

acosh(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of `x`.

Domain: [1, INFINITY)

Codomain: [0, INFINITY)

    Math.acosh(1) #=> 0.0

    static VALUE
    math_acosh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        double d;

        d = Get_Double(x);
        /* check for domain error */
        if (d < 1.0) domain_error("acosh");
        return DBL2NUM(acosh(d));
    }

asin(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the arc sine of `x`. Returns -PI/2..PI/2.

Domain: [-1, -1]

Codomain: [-PI/2, PI/2]

    Math.asin(1) == Math::PI/2  #=> true

    static VALUE
    math_asin(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        double d;

        d = Get_Double(x);
        /* check for domain error */
        if (d < -1.0 || 1.0 < d) domain_error("asin");
        return DBL2NUM(asin(d));
    }

asinh(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of `x`.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.asinh(1) #=> 0.881373587019543

    static VALUE
    math_asinh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(asinh(Get_Double(x)));
    }

atan(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the arc tangent of `x`. Returns -PI/2..PI/2.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-PI/2, PI/2)

    Math.atan(0) #=> 0.0

    static VALUE
    math_atan(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(atan(Get_Double(x)));
    }

atan2(y, x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the arc tangent given `y` and `x`. Returns a Float in the range -PI..PI. Return value is a angle in radians between the positive x-axis of cartesian plane and the point given by the coordinates (`x`, `y`) on it.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: [-PI, PI]

    Math.atan2(-0.0, -1.0) #=> -3.141592653589793
    Math.atan2(-1.0, -1.0) #=> -2.356194490192345
    Math.atan2(-1.0, 0.0)  #=> -1.5707963267948966
    Math.atan2(-1.0, 1.0)  #=> -0.7853981633974483
    Math.atan2(-0.0, 1.0)  #=> -0.0
    Math.atan2(0.0, 1.0)   #=> 0.0
    Math.atan2(1.0, 1.0)   #=> 0.7853981633974483
    Math.atan2(1.0, 0.0)   #=> 1.5707963267948966
    Math.atan2(1.0, -1.0)  #=> 2.356194490192345
    Math.atan2(0.0, -1.0)  #=> 3.141592653589793
    Math.atan2(INFINITY, INFINITY)   #=> 0.7853981633974483
    Math.atan2(INFINITY, -INFINITY)  #=> 2.356194490192345
    Math.atan2(-INFINITY, INFINITY)  #=> -0.7853981633974483
    Math.atan2(-INFINITY, -INFINITY) #=> -2.356194490192345

    static VALUE
    math_atan2(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE y, VALUE x)
    {
        double dx, dy;
        dx = Get_Double(x);
        dy = Get_Double(y);
        if (dx == 0.0 && dy == 0.0) {
            if (!signbit(dx))
                return DBL2NUM(dy);
            if (!signbit(dy))
                return DBL2NUM(M_PI);
            return DBL2NUM(-M_PI);
        }
    #ifndef ATAN2_INF_C99
        if (isinf(dx) && isinf(dy)) {
            /* optimization for FLONUM */
            if (dx < 0.0) {
                const double dz = (3.0 * M_PI / 4.0);
                return (dy < 0.0) ? DBL2NUM(-dz) : DBL2NUM(dz);
            }
            else {
                const double dz = (M_PI / 4.0);
                return (dy < 0.0) ? DBL2NUM(-dz) : DBL2NUM(dz);
            }
        }
    #endif
        return DBL2NUM(atan2(dy, dx));
    }

atanh(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of `x`.

Domain: (-1, 1)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.atanh(1) #=> Infinity

    static VALUE
    math_atanh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        double d;

        d = Get_Double(x);
        /* check for domain error */
        if (d <  -1.0 || +1.0 <  d) domain_error("atanh");
        /* check for pole error */
        if (d == -1.0) return DBL2NUM(-INFINITY);
        if (d == +1.0) return DBL2NUM(+INFINITY);
        return DBL2NUM(atanh(d));
    }

cbrt(x) → Float click to toggle source

Returns the cube root of `x`.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    -9.upto(9) {|x|
      p [x, Math.cbrt(x), Math.cbrt(x)**3]
    }
    #=> [-9, -2.0800838230519, -9.0]
    #   [-8, -2.0, -8.0]
    #   [-7, -1.91293118277239, -7.0]
    #   [-6, -1.81712059283214, -6.0]
    #   [-5, -1.7099759466767, -5.0]
    #   [-4, -1.5874010519682, -4.0]
    #   [-3, -1.44224957030741, -3.0]
    #   [-2, -1.25992104989487, -2.0]
    #   [-1, -1.0, -1.0]
    #   [0, 0.0, 0.0]
    #   [1, 1.0, 1.0]
    #   [2, 1.25992104989487, 2.0]
    #   [3, 1.44224957030741, 3.0]
    #   [4, 1.5874010519682, 4.0]
    #   [5, 1.7099759466767, 5.0]
    #   [6, 1.81712059283214, 6.0]
    #   [7, 1.91293118277239, 7.0]
    #   [8, 2.0, 8.0]
    #   [9, 2.0800838230519, 9.0]

    static VALUE
    math_cbrt(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(cbrt(Get_Double(x)));
    }

cos(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the cosine of `x` (expressed in radians). Returns a Float in the range -1.0..1.0.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: [-1, 1]

    Math.cos(Math::PI) #=> -1.0

    static VALUE
    math_cos(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(cos(Get_Double(x)));
    }

cosh(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the hyperbolic cosine of `x` (expressed in radians).

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: [1, INFINITY)

    Math.cosh(0) #=> 1.0

    static VALUE
    math_cosh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(cosh(Get_Double(x)));
    }

erf(x) → Float click to toggle source

Calculates the error function of `x`.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-1, 1)

    Math.erf(0) #=> 0.0

    static VALUE
    math_erf(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(erf(Get_Double(x)));
    }

erfc(x) → Float click to toggle source

Calculates the complementary error function of x.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (0, 2)

    Math.erfc(0) #=> 1.0

    static VALUE
    math_erfc(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(erfc(Get_Double(x)));
    }

exp(x) → Float click to toggle source

Returns e**x.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (0, INFINITY)

    Math.exp(0)       #=> 1.0
    Math.exp(1)       #=> 2.718281828459045
    Math.exp(1.5)     #=> 4.4816890703380645

    static VALUE
    math_exp(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(exp(Get_Double(x)));
    }

frexp(x) → [fraction, exponent] click to toggle source

Returns a two-element array containing the normalized fraction (a Float) and exponent (an Integer) of `x`.

    fraction, exponent = Math.frexp(1234)   #=> [0.6025390625, 11]
    fraction * 2**exponent                  #=> 1234.0

    static VALUE
    math_frexp(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        double d;
        int exp;

        d = frexp(Get_Double(x), &exp);
        return rb_assoc_new(DBL2NUM(d), INT2NUM(exp));
    }

gamma(x) → Float click to toggle source

Calculates the gamma function of x.

Note that gamma(n) is same as fact(n-1) for integer n > 0. However gamma(n) returns float and can be an approximation.

    def fact(n) (1..n).inject(1) {|r,i| r*i } end
    1.upto(26) {|i| p [i, Math.gamma(i), fact(i-1)] }
    #=> [1, 1.0, 1]
    #   [2, 1.0, 1]
    #   [3, 2.0, 2]
    #   [4, 6.0, 6]
    #   [5, 24.0, 24]
    #   [6, 120.0, 120]
    #   [7, 720.0, 720]
    #   [8, 5040.0, 5040]
    #   [9, 40320.0, 40320]
    #   [10, 362880.0, 362880]
    #   [11, 3628800.0, 3628800]
    #   [12, 39916800.0, 39916800]
    #   [13, 479001600.0, 479001600]
    #   [14, 6227020800.0, 6227020800]
    #   [15, 87178291200.0, 87178291200]
    #   [16, 1307674368000.0, 1307674368000]
    #   [17, 20922789888000.0, 20922789888000]
    #   [18, 355687428096000.0, 355687428096000]
    #   [19, 6.402373705728e+15, 6402373705728000]
    #   [20, 1.21645100408832e+17, 121645100408832000]
    #   [21, 2.43290200817664e+18, 2432902008176640000]
    #   [22, 5.109094217170944e+19, 51090942171709440000]
    #   [23, 1.1240007277776077e+21, 1124000727777607680000]
    #   [24, 2.5852016738885062e+22, 25852016738884976640000]
    #   [25, 6.204484017332391e+23, 620448401733239439360000]
    #   [26, 1.5511210043330954e+25, 15511210043330985984000000]

    static VALUE
    math_gamma(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        static const double fact_table[] = {
            /* fact(0) */ 1.0,
            /* fact(1) */ 1.0,
            /* fact(2) */ 2.0,
            /* fact(3) */ 6.0,
            /* fact(4) */ 24.0,
            /* fact(5) */ 120.0,
            /* fact(6) */ 720.0,
            /* fact(7) */ 5040.0,
            /* fact(8) */ 40320.0,
            /* fact(9) */ 362880.0,
            /* fact(10) */ 3628800.0,
            /* fact(11) */ 39916800.0,
            /* fact(12) */ 479001600.0,
            /* fact(13) */ 6227020800.0,
            /* fact(14) */ 87178291200.0,
            /* fact(15) */ 1307674368000.0,
            /* fact(16) */ 20922789888000.0,
            /* fact(17) */ 355687428096000.0,
            /* fact(18) */ 6402373705728000.0,
            /* fact(19) */ 121645100408832000.0,
            /* fact(20) */ 2432902008176640000.0,
            /* fact(21) */ 51090942171709440000.0,
            /* fact(22) */ 1124000727777607680000.0,
            /* fact(23)=25852016738884976640000 needs 56bit mantissa which is
             * impossible to represent exactly in IEEE 754 double which have
             * 53bit mantissa. */
        };
        enum {NFACT_TABLE = numberof(fact_table)};
        double d;
        d = Get_Double(x);
        /* check for domain error */
        if (isinf(d)) {
            if (signbit(d)) domain_error("gamma");
            return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
        }
        if (d == 0.0) {
            return signbit(d) ? DBL2NUM(-INFINITY) : DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
        }
        if (d == floor(d)) {
            if (d < 0.0) domain_error("gamma");
            if (1.0 <= d && d <= (double)NFACT_TABLE) {
                return DBL2NUM(fact_table[(int)d - 1]);
            }
        }
        return DBL2NUM(tgamma(d));
    }

hypot(x, y) → Float click to toggle source

Returns sqrt(x**2 + y**2), the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with sides `x` and `y`.

    Math.hypot(3, 4)   #=> 5.0

    static VALUE
    math_hypot(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x, VALUE y)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(hypot(Get_Double(x), Get_Double(y)));
    }

ldexp(fraction, exponent) → float click to toggle source

Returns the value of `fraction`*(2**`exponent`).

    fraction, exponent = Math.frexp(1234)
    Math.ldexp(fraction, exponent)   #=> 1234.0

    static VALUE
    math_ldexp(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x, VALUE n)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(ldexp(Get_Double(x), NUM2INT(n)));
    }

lgamma(x) → [float, -1 or 1] click to toggle source

Calculates the logarithmic gamma of `x` and the sign of gamma of `x`.

::lgamma is same as

    [Math.log(Math.gamma(x).abs), Math.gamma(x) < 0 ? -1 : 1]

but avoid overflow by ::gamma for large x.

    Math.lgamma(0) #=> [Infinity, 1]

    static VALUE
    math_lgamma(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        double d;
        int sign=1;
        VALUE v;
        d = Get_Double(x);
        /* check for domain error */
        if (isinf(d)) {
            if (signbit(d)) domain_error("lgamma");
            return rb_assoc_new(DBL2NUM(INFINITY), INT2FIX(1));
        }
        if (d == 0.0) {
            VALUE vsign = signbit(d) ? INT2FIX(-1) : INT2FIX(+1);
            return rb_assoc_new(DBL2NUM(INFINITY), vsign);
        }
        v = DBL2NUM(lgamma_r(d, &sign));
        return rb_assoc_new(v, INT2FIX(sign));
    }

log(x) → Float click to toggle source
log(x, base) → Float

Returns the logarithm of `x`. If additional second argument is given, it will be the base of logarithm. Otherwise it is `e` (for the natural logarithm).

Domain: (0, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.log(0)          #=> -Infinity
    Math.log(1)          #=> 0.0
    Math.log(Math::E)    #=> 1.0
    Math.log(Math::E**3) #=> 3.0
    Math.log(12, 3)      #=> 2.2618595071429146

    static VALUE
    math_log(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE unused_obj)
    {
        VALUE x, base;
        double d;

        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &x, &base);
        d = math_log1(x);
        if (argc == 2) {
            d /= math_log1(base);
        }
        return DBL2NUM(d);
    }

log10(x) → Float click to toggle source

Returns the base 10 logarithm of `x`.

Domain: (0, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.log10(1)       #=> 0.0
    Math.log10(10)      #=> 1.0
    Math.log10(10**100) #=> 100.0

    static VALUE
    math_log10(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        size_t numbits;
        double d = get_double_rshift(x, &numbits);

        /* check for domain error */
        if (d < 0.0) domain_error("log10");
        /* check for pole error */
        if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-INFINITY);

        return DBL2NUM(log10(d) + numbits * log10(2)); /* log10(d * 2 ** numbits) */
    }

log2(x) → Float click to toggle source

Returns the base 2 logarithm of `x`.

Domain: (0, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.log2(1)      #=> 0.0
    Math.log2(2)      #=> 1.0
    Math.log2(32768)  #=> 15.0
    Math.log2(65536)  #=> 16.0

    static VALUE
    math_log2(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        size_t numbits;
        double d = get_double_rshift(x, &numbits);

        /* check for domain error */
        if (d < 0.0) domain_error("log2");
        /* check for pole error */
        if (d == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(-INFINITY);

        return DBL2NUM(log2(d) + numbits); /* log2(d * 2 ** numbits) */
    }

sin(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the sine of `x` (expressed in radians). Returns a Float in the range -1.0..1.0.

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: [-1, 1]

    Math.sin(Math::PI/2) #=> 1.0

    static VALUE
    math_sin(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(sin(Get_Double(x)));
    }

sinh(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the hyperbolic sine of `x` (expressed in radians).

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.sinh(0) #=> 0.0

    static VALUE
    math_sinh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(sinh(Get_Double(x)));
    }

sqrt(x) → Float click to toggle source

Returns the non-negative square root of `x`.

Domain: [0, INFINITY)

Codomain:[0, INFINITY)

    0.upto(10) {|x|
      p [x, Math.sqrt(x), Math.sqrt(x)**2]
    }
    #=> [0, 0.0, 0.0]
    #   [1, 1.0, 1.0]
    #   [2, 1.4142135623731, 2.0]
    #   [3, 1.73205080756888, 3.0]
    #   [4, 2.0, 4.0]
    #   [5, 2.23606797749979, 5.0]
    #   [6, 2.44948974278318, 6.0]
    #   [7, 2.64575131106459, 7.0]
    #   [8, 2.82842712474619, 8.0]
    #   [9, 3.0, 9.0]
    #   [10, 3.16227766016838, 10.0]

Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic might lead to surprising results:

    Math.sqrt(10**46).to_i  #=> 99999999999999991611392 (!)

See also BigDecimal#sqrt and Integer.sqrt.

    static VALUE
    math_sqrt(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return rb_math_sqrt(x);
    }

tan(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the tangent of `x` (expressed in radians).

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

    Math.tan(0) #=> 0.0

    static VALUE
    math_tan(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(tan(Get_Double(x)));
    }

tanh(x) → Float click to toggle source

Computes the hyperbolic tangent of `x` (expressed in radians).

Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)

Codomain: (-1, 1)

    Math.tanh(0) #=> 0.0

    static VALUE
    math_tanh(VALUE unused_obj, VALUE x)
    {
        return DBL2NUM(tanh(Get_Double(x)));
    }