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      <h1>Table of Contents</h1>

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          <a href="#a" class="btn">A</a>
          <a href="#b" class="btn">B</a>
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          <a href="#d" class="btn">D</a>
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<a id="a"></a>
<h2>A</h2>

<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/abduction/"><strong>abduction</strong></a> (Igor Douven) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abelard/"><strong>Abelard [Abailard], Peter</strong></a> (Peter King and Andrew Arlig) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abhidharma/"><strong>Abhidharma</strong></a> (Noa Ronkin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abilities/"><strong>abilities</strong></a> (John Maier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abner-burgos/"><strong>Abner of Burgos</strong></a> (Shalom Sadik) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abrabanel/"><strong>Abrabanel, Judah</strong></a> (Aaron Hughes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abstract-objects/"><strong>abstract objects</strong></a> (Jos&eacute; L. Falguera, Concha Mart&iacute;nez-Vidal, and Gideon Rosen) </li>
<li> accidental properties &mdash; see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/action/"><strong>action</strong></a> (George Wilson and Samuel Shpall)
   <ul>
   <li> joint &mdash; see <a href="entries/shared-agency/">agency: shared</a> </li>
   <li> logic of &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-action/">logic: action</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/action-perception/"><strong>action-based theories of perception</strong></a> (Robert Briscoe and Rick Grush) </li>
<li> action at a distance &mdash; see <a href="entries/qm-action-distance/">quantum mechanics: action at a distance in</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/actualism/"><strong>actualism</strong></a> (Christopher Menzel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/actualism-possibilism-ethics/"><strong>actualism and possibilism in ethics</strong></a> (Travis Timmerman and Yishai Cohen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/adaptationism/"><strong>adaptationism</strong></a> (Steven Hecht Orzack and Patrick Forber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/addams-jane/"><strong>Addams, Jane</strong></a> (Maurice Hamington) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/adorno/"><strong>Adorno, Theodor W.</strong></a> (Lambert Zuidervaart) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/advance-directives/"><strong>advance directives</strong></a> (Agnieszka Jaworska) </li>
<li> Aegidius Romanus &mdash; see <a href="entries/giles/">Giles of Rome</a> </li>
<li> Aenesidemus &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">skepticism: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-concept/"><strong>aesthetic, concept of the</strong></a> (James Shelley) </li>
<li> aesthetics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-19th-romantic/"><strong>19th Century Romantic</strong></a> (Keren Gorodeisky) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aesthetic-judgment/"><strong>aesthetic judgment</strong></a> (Nick Zangwill) </li>
   <li> Beardsley &mdash; see <a href="entries/beardsley-aesthetics/">Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-british/"><strong>British, in the 18th century</strong></a> (James Shelley) </li>
   <li> Collingwood &mdash; see <a href="entries/collingwood-aesthetics/">Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Croce &mdash; see <a href="entries/croce-aesthetics/">Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> definition of art &mdash; see <a href="entries/art-definition/">art, definition of</a> </li>
   <li> Dewey &mdash; see <a href="entries/dewey-aesthetics/">Dewey, John: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/environmental-aesthetics/"><strong>environmental</strong></a> (Allen Carlson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-existentialist/"><strong>existentialist</strong></a> (Jean-Philippe Deranty) </li>
   <li> feminist &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-aesthetics/">feminist philosophy, interventions: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-french/"><strong>French, in the 18th century</strong></a> (Jennifer Tsien and Jacques Morizot) </li>
   <li> Gadamer &mdash; see <a href="entries/gadamer-aesthetics/">Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-18th-german/"><strong>German, in the 18th century</strong></a> (Paul Guyer) </li>
   <li> Goodman &mdash; see <a href="entries/goodman-aesthetics/">Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Hegel &mdash; see <a href="entries/hegel-aesthetics/">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Heidegger &mdash; see <a href="entries/heidegger-aesthetics/">Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Hume &mdash; see <a href="entries/hume-aesthetics/">Hume, David: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Japanese &mdash; see <a href="entries/japanese-aesthetics/">Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Plato &mdash; see <a href="entries/plato-aesthetics/">Plato: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Schopenhauer &mdash; see <a href="entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics/">Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics</a> </li>
   <li> Wittgenstein &mdash; see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-aesthetics/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/aesthetics-of-everyday/"><strong>aesthetics of the everyday</strong></a> (Yuriko Saito) </li>
<li> aesthetic value &mdash; see <a href="entries/aesthetic-concept/">aesthetic, concept of the</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/affirmative-action/"><strong>affirmative action</strong></a> (Robert Fullinwider) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/africana/"><strong>Africana Philosophy</strong></a> (Lucius T. Outlaw Jr.)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/africana-contemporary/"><strong>contemporary</strong></a> (Paul C. Taylor) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> African Philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/african-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Kwame Gyekye) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/african-sage/"><strong>sage philosophy</strong></a> (Dismas Masolo) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/afterlife/"><strong>afterlife</strong></a> (William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/agency/"><strong>agency</strong></a> (Markus Schlosser)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/shared-agency/"><strong>shared</strong></a> (Abraham Sesshu Roth) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasons-agent/">reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative</a> </li>
<li> agnosticism &mdash; see <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/">atheism and agnosticism</a> </li>
<li> Agrippa &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">skepticism: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/agrippa-nettesheim/"><strong>Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius</strong></a> (Vittoria Perrone Compagni) </li>
<li> Akan Philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/akan-person/"><strong>of the person</strong></a> (Ajume Wingo) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <em>akrasia</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/weakness-will/">weakness of will</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-baghdadi/"><strong>al-Baghdadi, &lsquo;Abd al-Latif</strong></a> (Cecilia Martini Bonadeo) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-farabi/"><strong>al-Farabi</strong></a> (Therese-Anne Druart)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Stephen Menn) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-logic/"><strong>philosophy of logic and language</strong></a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Therese-Anne Druart) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-soc-rel/"><strong>philosophy of society and religion</strong></a> (Nadja Germann) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/al-farabi-psych/"><strong>psychology and epistemology</strong></a> (Luis Xavier L&oacute;pez-Farjeat) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-ghazali/"><strong>al-Ghazali</strong></a> (Frank Griffel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/al-kindi/"><strong>al-Kindi</strong></a> (Peter Adamson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abu-bakr-al-razi/"><strong>al-Razi, Abu Bakr</strong></a> (Peter Adamson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albalag/"><strong>Albalag, Isaac</strong></a> (Bakinaz Abdalla) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albert-saxony/"><strong>Albert of Saxony</strong></a> (Jo&eacute;l Biard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albert-great/"><strong>Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus]</strong></a> (Markus F&uuml;hrer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/albo-joseph/"><strong>Albo, Joseph</strong></a> (Dror Ehrlich) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alcmaeon/"><strong>Alcmaeon</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alexander/"><strong>Alexander, Samuel</strong></a> (Emily A. E. Thomas) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alexander-aphrodisias/"><strong>Alexander of Aphrodisias</strong></a> (Dorothea Frede) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/algebra/"><strong>algebra</strong></a> (Vaughan Pratt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/algebra-logic-tradition/"><strong>algebra of logic tradition</strong></a> (Stanley Burris and Javier Legris) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alienation/"><strong>alienation</strong></a> (David Leopold) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/althusser/"><strong>Althusser, Louis</strong></a> (William Lewis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/altruism/"><strong>altruism</strong></a> (Richard Kraut)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/altruism-biological/"><strong>biological</strong></a> (Samir Okasha) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/altruism-empirical/"><strong>empirical approaches</strong></a> (John Doris, Stephen Stich, and Lachlan Walmsley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/alyngton/"><strong>Alyngton, Robert</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ambiguity/"><strong>ambiguity</strong></a> (Adam Sennet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ammonius/"><strong>Ammonius</strong></a> (David Blank) </li>
<li> Ammonius Saccas &mdash; see <a href="entries/plotinus/">Plotinus</a> </li>
<li> analogy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/analogy-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (E. Jennifer Ashworth and Domenic D&rsquo;Ettore) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/reasoning-analogy/"><strong>analogy and analogical reasoning</strong></a> (Paul Bartha) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/analysis/"><strong>analysis</strong></a> (Michael Beaney) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/analytic-synthetic/"><strong>analytic/synthetic distinction</strong></a> (Georges Rey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anaphora/"><strong>anaphora</strong></a> (Jeffrey C. King and Karen S. Lewis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anarchism/"><strong>anarchism</strong></a> (Andrew Fiala) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anaxagoras/"><strong>Anaxagoras</strong></a> (Patricia Curd) </li>
<li> Anaxarchus &mdash; see <a href="entries/pyrrho/">Pyrrho</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anderson-john/"><strong>Anderson, John</strong></a> (Creagh McLean Cole) </li>
<li> Andronicus of Rhodes &mdash; see <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/">Aristotle, commentators on</a> </li>
<li> animal
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/cognition-animal/"><strong>cognition</strong></a> (Kristin Andrews and Susana Mons&oacute;) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-animal/"><strong>consciousness</strong></a> (Colin Allen and Michael Trestman) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/animalism/"><strong>animalism</strong></a> (Stephan Blatti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-animal/"><strong>animals, moral status of</strong></a> (Lori Gruen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anomalous-monism/"><strong>anomalous monism</strong></a> (Steven Yalowitz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anscombe/"><strong>Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret</strong></a> (Julia Driver) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anselm/"><strong>Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury]</strong></a> (Thomas Williams) </li>
<li> anti-realism, moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-anti-realism/">moral anti-realism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/antiochus-ascalon/"><strong>Antiochus of Ascalon</strong></a> (James Allen) </li>
<li> <em>a posteriori</em> knowledge &mdash; see <a href="entries/apriori/"><em>a priori</em> justification and knowledge</a> </li>
<li> appearance vs. reality
   <ul>
   <li> epistemological problems of perception &mdash; see <a href="entries/perception-episprob/">perception: epistemological problems of</a> </li>
   <li> skepticism &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism/">skepticism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/apriori/"><strong><em>a priori</em> justification and knowledge</strong></a> (Bruce Russell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aquinas/"><strong>Aquinas, Saint Thomas</strong></a> (Ralph McInerny and John O&rsquo;Callaghan)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/aquinas-moral-political/"><strong>moral, political, and legal philosophy</strong></a> (John Finnis) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Amos Bertolacci) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-natural/"><strong>natural philosophy and natural science</strong></a> (Jon McGinnis) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-language/"><strong>philosophy of language and logic</strong></a> (Tony Street and Nadja Germann) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-mind/"><strong>psychology and philosophy of mind</strong></a> (Alfred Ivry) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-greek/"><strong>Greek sources</strong></a> (Cristina D&rsquo;Ancona) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-judaic/"><strong>influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic thought</strong></a> (Mauro Zonta) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-influence/"><strong>influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West</strong></a> (Dag Nikolaus Hasse) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
   <ul>
   <li> Ibn Kammuna &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-kammuna/">Ibn Kammuna</a> </li>
   <li> Ikhw&acirc;n al-Saf&acirc;&rsquo; &mdash; see <a href="entries/ikhwan-al-safa/">Ikhw&acirc;n al-Saf&acirc;&rsquo;</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/"><strong>mysticism</strong></a> (Mehdi Aminrazavi) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/arcesilaus/"><strong>Arcesilaus</strong></a> (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/architecture/"><strong>architecture, philosophy of</strong></a> (Saul Fisher) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/archytas/"><strong>Archytas</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arendt/"><strong>Arendt, Hannah</strong></a> (Maurizio Passerin d&rsquo;Entreves) </li>
<li> <em>arete</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ethics: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/argument/"><strong>argument and argumentation</strong></a> (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) </li>
<li> arguments for probabilism
   <ul>
   <li> epistemic utility &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemic-utility/">epistemic utility arguments for probabilism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Aristotelianism
   <ul>
   <li> commentators on Aristotle &mdash; see <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/">Aristotle, commentators on</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/"><strong>in the Renaissance</strong></a> (Heinrich Kuhn) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle/"><strong>Aristotle</strong></a> (Christopher Shields) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/aristotle-commentators/"><strong>Aristotle, commentators on</strong></a> (Andrea Falcon)
   <ul>
   <li> Alexander of Aphrosias &mdash; see <a href="entries/alexander-aphrodisias/">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> </li>
   <li> Ammonius &mdash; see <a href="entries/ammonius/">Ammonius</a> </li>
   <li> David &mdash; see <a href="entries/david/">David</a> </li>
   <li> Elias &mdash; see <a href="entries/elias/">Elias</a> </li>
   <li> Olympiodorus &mdash; see <a href="entries/olympiodorus/">Olympiodorus</a> </li>
   <li> Philoponus &mdash; see <a href="entries/philoponus/">Philoponus</a> </li>
   <li> Simplicius &mdash; see <a href="entries/simplicius/">Simplicius</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Aristotle, General Topics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Pierre Destr&eacute;e) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-biology/"><strong>biology</strong></a> (James Lennox) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-categories/"><strong>categories</strong></a> (Paul Studtmann) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Richard Kraut) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-logic/"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Robin Smith) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (S. Marc Cohen and C. D. C. Reeve) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-politics/"><strong>political theory</strong></a> (Fred Miller) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-psychology/"><strong>psychology</strong></a> (Christopher Shields) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-rhetoric/"><strong>rhetoric</strong></a> (Christof Rapp) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Aristotle, Special Topics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-causality/"><strong>causality</strong></a> (Andrea Falcon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-mathematics/"><strong>mathematics</strong></a> (Henry Mendell) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-natphil/"><strong>natural philosophy</strong></a> (Istvan Bodnar) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/"><strong>on non-contradiction</strong></a> (Paula Gottlieb) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/arnauld/"><strong>Arnauld, Antoine</strong></a> (Elmar Kremer) </li>
<li> Arouet, Fran&ccedil;ois-Marie &mdash; see <a href="entries/voltaire/">Voltaire</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/arrows-theorem/"><strong>Arrow&rsquo;s theorem</strong></a> (Michael Morreau) </li>
<li> art
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/erotic-art/"><strong>erotic</strong></a> (Hans Maes) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conceptual-art/"><strong>art, conceptual</strong></a> (Elisabeth Schellekens) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/art-definition/"><strong>art, definition of</strong></a> (Thomas Adajian) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/artifact/"><strong>artifact</strong></a> (Beth Preston) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/artificial-intelligence/"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong></a> (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu)
   <ul>
   <li> automated reasoning &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/">reasoning: automated</a> </li>
   <li> belief representation &mdash; see <a href="entries/formal-belief/">belief, formal representations of</a> </li>
   <li> Chinese room argument &mdash; see <a href="entries/chinese-room/">Chinese room argument</a> </li>
   <li> connectionism &mdash; see <a href="entries/connectionism/">connectionism</a> </li>
   <li> defeasible reasoning &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasoning-defeasible/">reasoning: defeasible</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-ai/"><strong>ethics of</strong></a> (Vincent C. M&uuml;ller) </li>
   <li> frame problem &mdash; see <a href="entries/frame-problem/">frame problem</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-ai/"><strong>logic and</strong></a> (Richmond Thomason) </li>
   <li> Turing test &mdash; see <a href="entries/turing-test/">Turing test</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> aspect &mdash; see <a href="entries/tense-aspect/">tense and aspect</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/assertion/"><strong>assertion</strong></a> (Peter Pagin and Neri Marsili) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/associationist-thought/"><strong>associationist theories of thought</strong></a> (Eric Mandelbaum) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/astell/"><strong>Astell, Mary</strong></a> (Alice Sowaal) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/"><strong>atheism and agnosticism</strong></a> (Paul Draper) </li>
<li> atomism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/atomism-modern/"><strong>17th to 20th century</strong></a> (Alan Chalmers) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/atomism-ancient/"><strong>ancient</strong></a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/attention/"><strong>attention</strong></a> (Christopher Mole) </li>
<li> attributes &mdash; see <a href="entries/properties/">properties</a> </li>
<li> auditory perception &mdash; see <a href="entries/perception-auditory/">perception: auditory</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/augustine/"><strong>Augustine, Saint</strong></a> (Christian Tornau) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/auriol/"><strong>Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter</strong></a> (Russell L. Friedman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/austin-john/"><strong>Austin, John</strong></a> (Brian Bix) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/austin-jl/"><strong>Austin, John Langshaw</strong></a> (Guy Longworth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/authenticity/"><strong>authenticity</strong></a> (Somogy Varga and Charles Guignon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/authority/"><strong>authority</strong></a> (Tom Christiano)
   <ul>
   <li> legal &mdash; see <a href="entries/legal-obligation/">legal obligation and authority</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> automated reasoning &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/">reasoning: automated</a> </li>
<li> autonomy
   <ul>
   <li> and informed consent &mdash; see <a href="entries/informed-consent/">informed consent</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/autonomy-moral/"><strong>in moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (John Christman) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/personal-autonomy/"><strong>personal</strong></a> (Sarah Buss and Andrea Westlund) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Averroes &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-rushd/">Ibn Rushd</a>
   <ul>
   <li> natural philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-rushd-natural/">Ibn Rushd: natural philosophy</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Avicebron &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-gabirol/">Ibn Gabirol, Solomon</a> </li>
<li> Avicenna &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-sina/">Ibn Sina</a>
   <ul>
   <li> logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-logic/">Ibn Sina: logic</a> </li>
   <li> metaphysics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/">Ibn Sina: metaphysics</a> </li>
   <li> natural philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-sina-natural/">Ibn Sina: natural philosophy</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> awareness, bodily &mdash; see <a href="entries/bodily-awareness/">bodily awareness</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ayer/"><strong>Ayer, Alfred Jules</strong></a> (Graham Macdonald and Nakul Krishna) </li>
</ul>
<a id="b"></a>
<hr />
<h2>B <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/francis-bacon/"><strong>Bacon, Francis</strong></a> (J&uuml;rgen Klein and Guido Giglioni) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/roger-bacon/"><strong>Bacon, Roger</strong></a> (Jeremiah Hackett) </li>
<li> Bain, Alexander &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/basing-epistemic/"><strong>basing relation, epistemic</strong></a> (Keith Allen Korcz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/baudrillard/"><strong>Baudrillard, Jean</strong></a> (Douglas Kellner) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bauer/"><strong>Bauer, Bruno</strong></a> (Douglas Moggach) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bayes-theorem/"><strong>Bayes&rsquo; Theorem</strong></a> (James Joyce) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bayle/"><strong>Bayle, Pierre</strong></a> (Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson) </li>
<li> Beardsley, Monroe C.
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/beardsley-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Michael Wreen) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Beattie, James &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/beauty/"><strong>beauty</strong></a> (Crispin Sartwell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/beauvoir/"><strong>Beauvoir, Simone de</strong></a> (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/behaviorism/"><strong>behaviorism</strong></a> (George Graham) </li>
<li> being &mdash; see <a href="entries/existence/">existence</a> </li>
<li> being and becoming &mdash; see <a href="entries/time/">time</a>
   <ul>
   <li> in modern physics &mdash; see <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/">space and time: being and becoming in modern physics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/belief/"><strong>belief</strong></a> (Eric Schwitzgebel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-belief/"><strong>belief, ethics of</strong></a> (Andrew Chignell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/formal-belief/"><strong>belief, formal representations of</strong></a> (Konstantin Genin and Franz Huber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/belief-merging/"><strong>belief merging and judgment aggregation</strong></a> (Gabriella Pigozzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bell-theorem/"><strong>Bell&rsquo;s Theorem</strong></a> (Wayne Myrvold, Marco Genovese, and Abner Shimony) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/principle-beneficence/"><strong>beneficence, principle of</strong></a> (Tom Beauchamp) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/benjamin/"><strong>Benjamin, Walter</strong></a> (Peter Osborne and Matthew Charles) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bentham/"><strong>Bentham, Jeremy</strong></a> (James E. Crimmins) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bergson/"><strong>Bergson, Henri</strong></a> (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard-Leonard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/berkeley/"><strong>Berkeley, George</strong></a> (Lisa Downing) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/berlin/"><strong>Berlin, Isaiah</strong></a> (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bessarion/"><strong>Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal]</strong></a> (Eva Del Soldato) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/implicit-bias/"><strong>bias, implicit</strong></a> (Michael Brownstein) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/binarium/"><strong><em>binarium famosissimum</em> [= most famous pair]</strong></a> (Paul Vincent Spade) </li>
<li> biodiversity &mdash; see <a href="entries/biodiversity/">ecology: biodiversity</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/biology-individual/"><strong>biological individuals</strong></a> (Robert A. Wilson and Matthew J. Barker) </li>
<li> biological information &mdash; see <a href="entries/information-biological/">information: biological</a> </li>
<li> biology
   <ul>
   <li> conservation &mdash; see <a href="entries/conservation-biology/">conservation biology</a> </li>
   <li> developmental &mdash; see <a href="entries/biology-developmental/">developmental biology</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/biology-experiment/"><strong>experiment in</strong></a> (Marcel Weber) </li>
   <li> molecular &mdash; see <a href="entries/molecular-biology/">molecular biology</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/biology-philosophy/"><strong>philosophy of</strong></a> (Jay Odenbaugh and Paul Griffiths) </li>
   <li> reduction in &mdash; see <a href="entries/reduction-biology/">reduction, scientific: in biology</a> </li>
   <li> teleological notions in &mdash; see <a href="entries/teleology-biology/">teleology: teleological notions in biology</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> biology, philosophy of
   <ul>
   <li> feminist &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy-biology/">feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of biology</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/biomedicine/"><strong>biomedicine, philosophy of</strong></a> (Sean Valles) </li>
<li> Blair, Hugh &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/blame/"><strong>blame</strong></a> (Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bodily-awareness/"><strong>bodily awareness</strong></a> (Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique de Vignemont) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bodin/"><strong>Bodin, Jean</strong></a> (Mario Turchetti) </li>
<li> body &mdash; see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boethius/"><strong>Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus</strong></a> (John Marenbon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boethius-dacia/"><strong>Boethius of Dacia</strong></a> (Sten Ebbesen) </li>
<li> Bohr, Niels
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/bohr-correspondence/"><strong>correspondence principle</strong></a> (Alisa Bokulich and Peter Bokulich) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/bolzano/"><strong>Bolzano, Bernard</strong></a> (Edgar Morscher)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/bolzano-logic/"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Jan &Scaron;ebestik) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/bonaventure/"><strong>Bonaventure, Saint</strong></a> (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boole/"><strong>Boole, George</strong></a> (Stanley Burris) </li>
<li> Boolean algebra
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/boolalg-math/"><strong>the mathematics of</strong></a> (J. Donald Monk) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/bosanquet/"><strong>Bosanquet, Bernard</strong></a> (William Sweet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boundary/"><strong>boundary</strong></a> (Achille Varzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bounded-rationality/"><strong>bounded rationality</strong></a> (Gregory Wheeler) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/boyle/"><strong>Boyle, Robert</strong></a> (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bradley/"><strong>Bradley, Francis Herbert</strong></a> (Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/bradley-moral-political/"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (David Crossley) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/bradley-regress/"><strong>Regress</strong></a> (Katarina Perovic) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> brain death &mdash; see <a href="entries/death-definition/">death: definition of </a> </li>
<li> brains in a vat &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism-content-externalism/">skepticism: and content externalism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/brentano/"><strong>Brentano, Franz</strong></a> (Wolfgang Huemer)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/brentano-judgement/"><strong>theory of judgement</strong></a> (Johannes L. Brandl and Mark Textor) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/broad/"><strong>Broad, Charlie Dunbar</strong></a> (Kent Gustavsson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/brouwer/"><strong>Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan</strong></a> (Mark van Atten) </li>
<li> Brown, Thomas &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/bruno/"><strong>Bruno, Giordano</strong></a> (Dilwyn Knox) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buber/"><strong>Buber, Martin</strong></a> (Michael Zank and Zachary Braiterman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buddha/"><strong>Buddha</strong></a> (Mark Siderits) </li>
<li> Buddhism
   <ul>
   <li> Chan &mdash; see <a href="entries/buddhism-chan/">Chinese Philosophy: Chan Buddhism</a> </li>
   <li> ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/">ethics: in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism</a> </li>
   <li> mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/mind-indian-buddhism/">mind: in Indian Buddhist Philosophy</a> </li>
   <li> Tiantai &mdash; see <a href="entries/buddhism-tiantai/">Chinese Philosophy: Tiantai Buddhism</a> </li>
   <li> Zen &mdash; see <a href="entries/japanese-zen/">Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Buddhism: Huayan &mdash; see <a href="entries/buddhism-huayan/">Chinese Philosophy: Huayan Buddhism</a> </li>
<li> bundle theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/buridan/"><strong>Buridan, John [Jean]</strong></a> (Jack Zupko) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/burke/"><strong>Burke, Edmund</strong></a> (Ian Harris) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/burley/"><strong>Burley [Burleigh], Walter</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> Butler, Joseph
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/butler-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Aaron Garrett) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/byzantine-philosophy/"><strong>Byzantine Philosophy</strong></a> (Katerina Ierodiakonou and B&ouml;rje Byd&eacute;n) </li>
</ul>
<a id="c"></a>
<hr />
<h2>C <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> Caird, Edward &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> Callicles &mdash; see <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/">Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/"><strong>Cambridge Platonists</strong></a> (Sarah Hutton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/campanella/"><strong>Campanella, Tommaso</strong></a> (Germana Ernst and Jean-Paul De Lucca) </li>
<li> Campbell, George &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/camus/"><strong>Camus, Albert</strong></a> (Ronald Aronson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cancer/"><strong>cancer</strong></a> (Anya Plutynski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/capability-approach/"><strong>capability approach</strong></a> (Ingrid Robeyns and Morten Fibieger Byskov) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cardano/"><strong>Cardano, Girolamo [Geronimo]</strong></a> (Guido Giglioni) </li>
<li> Carmichael, Gershom &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/carnap/"><strong>Carnap, Rudolf</strong></a> (Hannes Leitgeb and Andr&eacute; Carus) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/carneades/"><strong>Carneades</strong></a> (James Allen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cassirer/"><strong>Cassirer, Ernst</strong></a> (Michael Friedman) </li>
<li> casuistry &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/">reasoning: moral</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/categories/"><strong>categories</strong></a> (Amie Thomasson)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-categories/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/category-mistakes/"><strong>category mistakes</strong></a> (Ofra Magidor) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/category-theory/"><strong>category theory</strong></a> (Jean-Pierre Marquis) </li>
<li> causal determinism &mdash; see <a href="entries/determinism-causal/">determinism: causal</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/causal-models/"><strong>causal models</strong></a> (Christopher Hitchcock) </li>
<li> causation
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-backwards/"><strong>backward</strong></a> (Jan Faye) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-counterfactual/"><strong>counterfactual theories of</strong></a> (Peter Menzies and Helen Beebee) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/arabic-islamic-causation/"><strong>in Arabic and Islamic thought</strong></a> (Kara Richardson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-physics/"><strong>in physics</strong></a> (Mathias Frisch) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-law/"><strong>in the law</strong></a> (Michael Moore) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-mani/"><strong>and manipulability</strong></a> (James Woodward) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Graham White) </li>
   <li> mental &mdash; see <a href="entries/mental-causation/">mental causation</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-metaphysics/"><strong>the metaphysics of</strong></a> (Jonathan Schaffer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-probabilistic/"><strong>probabilistic</strong></a> (Christopher Hitchcock) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/causation-regularity/"><strong>regularity and inferential theories of</strong></a> (Holger Andreas and Mario Guenther) </li>
   <li> retrocausality in quantum mechanics &mdash; see <a href="entries/qm-retrocausality/">quantum mechanics: retrocausality</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/margaret-cavendish/"><strong>Cavendish, Margaret Lucas</strong></a> (David Cunning) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cell-biology/"><strong>cell biology, philosophy of</strong></a> (William Bechtel and Andrew Bollhagen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cellular-automata/"><strong>cellular automata</strong></a> (Francesco Berto and Jacopo Tagliabue) </li>
<li> censorship &mdash; see <a href="entries/pornography-censorship/">pornography: and censorship</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/certainty/"><strong>certainty</strong></a> (Baron Reed) </li>
<li> <em>ceteris paribus</em> laws &mdash; see <a href="entries/ceteris-paribus/">laws of nature: <em>ceteris paribus</em></a> </li>
<li> chance
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/chance-randomness/"><strong>versus randomness</strong></a> (Antony Eagle) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> change
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/change/"><strong>and inconsistency</strong></a> (Chris Mortensen) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> change: Chinese philosophy of &mdash; see <a href="entries/chinese-change/">Chinese Philosophy: philosophy of change</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chaos/"><strong>chaos</strong></a> (Robert Bishop) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-character/"><strong>character, moral</strong></a> (Marcia Homiak)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-character-empirical/"><strong>empirical approaches</strong></a> (Christian B. Miller) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/emilie-du-chatelet/"><strong>Ch&acirc;telet, &Eacute;milie du</strong></a> (Karen Detlefsen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/walter-chatton/"><strong>Chatton, Walter</strong></a> (Rondo Keele and Jenny Pelletier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chemistry/"><strong>chemistry, philosophy of</strong></a> (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/childhood/"><strong>childhood, the philosophy of</strong></a> (Gareth Matthews and Amy Mullin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/children/"><strong>children, philosophy for</strong></a> (Michael Pritchard) </li>
<li> Chile
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-chile/"><strong>philosophy in</strong></a> (Ivan Jaksic) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> chimeras, human/non-human &mdash; see <a href="entries/chimeras/">ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human</a> </li>
<li> Chinese ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/">Chinese Philosophy: ethics</a> </li>
<li> Chinese Philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/buddhism-chan/"><strong>Chan Buddhism</strong></a> (Peter Hershock) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-phil-medicine/"><strong>Chinese medicine</strong></a> (Lisa Raphals) </li>
   <li> Compared to Western Philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/comparphil-chiwes/">comparative philosophy: Chinese and Western</a> </li>
   <li> Confucius &mdash; see <a href="entries/confucius/">Confucius</a> </li>
   <li> Daoism (Taoism) &mdash; see <a href="entries/daoism/">Daoism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/emotions-chinese/"><strong>emotions in early Chinese Philosophy</strong></a> (Bongrae Seok) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-epistemology/"><strong>epistemology</strong></a> (Jana Ro&scaron;ker) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (David Wong) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/han-dynasty/"><strong>Han Dynasty</strong></a> (Alexus McLeod) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/buddhism-huayan/"><strong>Huayan Buddhism</strong></a> (Bryan Van Norden and Nicholaos Jones) </li>
   <li> Laozi &mdash; see <a href="entries/laozi/">Laozi</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-legalism/"><strong>legalism in</strong></a> (Yuri Pines) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-logic-language/"><strong>logic and language in Early Chinese Philosophy</strong></a> (Marshall Willman) </li>
   <li> Mencius &mdash; see <a href="entries/mencius/">Mencius</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Franklin Perkins) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mohism/"><strong>Mohism</strong></a> (Chris Fraser) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mohist-canons/"><strong>Mohist Canons</strong></a> (Chris Fraser) </li>
   <li> Neo-Daoism &mdash; see <a href="entries/neo-daoism/">Neo-Daoism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-change/"><strong>philosophy of change</strong></a> (Tze-Ki Hon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qing-philosophy/"><strong>Qing philosophy</strong></a> (On-cho Ng) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-phil-science/"><strong>science</strong></a> (Lisa Raphals) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-social-political/"><strong>social and political thought</strong></a> (Stephen C. Angle) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/song-ming-confucianism/"><strong>Song-Ming Confucianism</strong></a> (Justin Tiwald) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/buddhism-tiantai/"><strong>Tiantai Buddhism</strong></a> (Brook Ziporyn) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chinese-translate-interpret/"><strong>translating and interpreting</strong></a> (Henry Rosemont Jr.) </li>
   <li> Wang Yangming &mdash; see <a href="entries/wang-yangming/">Wang Yangming</a> </li>
   <li> Xunzi &mdash; see <a href="entries/xunzi/">Xunzi</a> </li>
   <li> Zhuang Zi &mdash; see <a href="entries/zhuangzi/">Zhuangzi</a> </li>
   <li> Zhu Xi &mdash; see <a href="entries/zhu-xi/">Zhu Xi</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/chinese-room/"><strong>Chinese room argument</strong></a> (David Cole) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/chisholm/"><strong>Chisholm, Roderick</strong></a> (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/axiom-choice/"><strong>choice, axiom of</strong></a> (John L. Bell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dynamic-choice/"><strong>choice, dynamic</strong></a> (Chrisoula Andreou) </li>
<li> choice, social &mdash; see <a href="entries/social-choice/">social choice theory</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"><strong>Christian theology, philosophy and</strong></a> (William Wood) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/church/"><strong>Church, Alonzo</strong></a> (Harry Deutsch and Oliver Marshall) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/church-turing/"><strong>Church-Turing Thesis</strong></a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li>
<li> Church&rsquo;s Thesis &mdash; see <a href="entries/church-turing/">Church-Turing Thesis</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cicero/"><strong>Cicero</strong></a> (Raphael Woolf) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/citizenship/"><strong>citizenship</strong></a> (Dominique Leydet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/civic-education/"><strong>civic education</strong></a> (Jack Crittenden and Peter Levine) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/humanism-civic/"><strong>civic humanism</strong></a> (Cary Nederman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/civil-disobedience/"><strong>civil disobedience</strong></a> (Candice Delmas and Kimberley Brownlee) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/civil-rights/"><strong>civil rights</strong></a> (Andrew Altman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/clarke/"><strong>Clarke, Samuel</strong></a> (Timothy Yenter and Ezio Vailati) </li>
<li> Clement of Alexandria &mdash; see <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> </li>
<li> climate justice &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-climate/">justice: climate</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/climate-science/"><strong>climate science</strong></a> (Wendy Parker) </li>
<li> clinical research, ethics of &mdash; see <a href="entries/clinical-research/">ethics, biomedical: clinical research</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cloning/"><strong>cloning</strong></a> (Katrien Devolder) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cockburn/"><strong>Cockburn, Catharine Trotter</strong></a> (Patricia Sheridan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/coercion/"><strong>coercion</strong></a> (Scott Anderson) </li>
<li> cognition
   <ul>
   <li> animal &mdash; see <a href="entries/cognition-animal/">animal: cognition</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/embodied-cognition/"><strong>embodied</strong></a> (Lawrence Shapiro and Shannon Spaulding) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/cognitive-disability/"><strong>cognitive disability and moral status</strong></a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cognitive-science/"><strong>cognitive science</strong></a> (Paul Thagard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-cognitivism/"><strong>cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral</strong></a> (Mark van Roojen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cohen/"><strong>Cohen, Hermann</strong></a> (Scott Edgar) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/collingwood/"><strong>Collingwood, Robin George</strong></a> (Giuseppina D&rsquo;Oro and James Connelly)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/collingwood-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Gary Kemp) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/collins/"><strong>Collins, Anthony</strong></a> (William Uzgalis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/colonialism/"><strong>colonialism</strong></a> (Margaret Kohn and Kavita Reddy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/color/"><strong>color</strong></a> (Barry Maund) </li>
<li> common cause principle &mdash; see <a href="entries/physics-Rpcc/">Reichenbach, Hans: common cause principle</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/common-good/"><strong>common good</strong></a> (Waheed Hussain) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/common-knowledge/"><strong>common knowledge</strong></a> (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/communitarianism/"><strong>communitarianism</strong></a> (Daniel Bell) </li>
<li> comparative philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/comparphil-chiwes/"><strong>Chinese and Western</strong></a> (David Wong) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/compatibilism/"><strong>compatibilism</strong></a> (Michael McKenna and D. Justin Coates) </li>
<li> competence, in biomedical decision-making &mdash; see <a href="entries/decision-capacity/">decision-making capacity</a> </li>
<li> complexity
   <ul>
   <li> computability and &mdash; see <a href="entries/computability/">computability and complexity</a> </li>
   <li> computational &mdash; see <a href="entries/computational-complexity/">computational complexity theory</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> composition, the vagueness of &mdash; see <a href="entries/problem-of-many/">many, problem of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/compositionality/"><strong>compositionality</strong></a> (Zolt&aacute;n Gendler Szab&oacute;) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computability/"><strong>computability and complexity</strong></a> (Neil Immerman) </li>
<li> computation
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/computation-physicalsystems/"><strong>in physical systems</strong></a> (Gualtiero Piccinini and Corey Maley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/computational-complexity/"><strong>computational complexity theory</strong></a> (Walter Dean) </li>
<li> computational linguistics &mdash; see <a href="entries/computational-linguistics/">linguistics: computational</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computational-philosophy/"><strong>computational philosophy</strong></a> (Patrick Grim and Daniel Singer) </li>
<li> computational theory of mind &mdash; see <a href="entries/computational-mind/">mind: computational theory of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/computer-science/"><strong>computer science, philosophy of</strong></a> (Nicola Angius, Giuseppe Primiero, and Raymond Turner) </li>
<li> computing
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/computing-history/"><strong>modern history of</strong></a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/computing-responsibility/"><strong>and moral responsibility</strong></a> (Merel Noorman) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/comte/"><strong>Comte, Auguste</strong></a> (Michel Bourdeau) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/concepts/"><strong>concepts</strong></a> (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/condemnation/"><strong>condemnation of 1277</strong></a> (Hans Thijssen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/condillac/"><strong>Condillac, &Eacute;tienne Bonnot de</strong></a> (Lorne Falkenstein and Giovanni Grandi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/conditionals/"><strong>conditionals</strong></a> (Dorothy Edgington)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/counterfactuals/"><strong>counterfactual</strong></a> (William Starr) </li>
   <li> logic of &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-conditionals/">logic: conditionals</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/histfem-condorcet/"><strong>in the history of feminism</strong></a> (Joan Landes) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/confirmation/"><strong>confirmation</strong></a> (Vincenzo Crupi) </li>
<li> Confucianism
   <ul>
   <li> Japanese &mdash; see <a href="entries/japanese-confucian/">Japanese Philosophy: Confucian</a> </li>
   <li> Korean &mdash; see <a href="entries/korean-confucianism/">Korean Philosophy: Confucianism</a> </li>
   <li> Mencius &mdash; see <a href="entries/mencius/">Mencius</a> </li>
   <li> Song-Ming &mdash; see <a href="entries/song-ming-confucianism/">Chinese Philosophy: Song-Ming Confucianism</a> </li>
   <li> Wang Yangming &mdash; see <a href="entries/wang-yangming/">Wang Yangming</a> </li>
   <li> Xunzi &mdash; see <a href="entries/xunzi/">Xunzi</a> </li>
   <li> Zhu Xi &mdash; see <a href="entries/zhu-xi/">Zhu Xi</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/confucius/"><strong>Confucius</strong></a> (Mark Csikszentmihalyi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/connectionism/"><strong>connectionism</strong></a> (Cameron Buckner and James Garson) </li>
<li> connectives
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/connectives-logic/"><strong>sentence connectives in formal logic</strong></a> (Lloyd Humberstone) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conscience/"><strong>conscience</strong></a> (Alberto Giubilini)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/conscience-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Peter Eardley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/consciousness/"><strong>consciousness</strong></a> (Robert Van Gulick)
   <ul>
   <li> animal &mdash; see <a href="entries/consciousness-animal/">animal: consciousness</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-higher/"><strong>higher-order theories</strong></a> (Peter Carruthers and Rocco Gennaro) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-intentionality/"><strong>and intentionality</strong></a> (Charles Siewert) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-neuroscience/"><strong>neuroscience of</strong></a> (Wayne Wu) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-representational/"><strong>representational theories of</strong></a> (William Lycan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-17th/"><strong>seventeenth-century theories of</strong></a> (Larry M. Jorgensen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-temporal/"><strong>temporal</strong></a> (Barry Dainton) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/consciousness-unity/"><strong>unity of</strong></a> (Andrew Brook and Paul Raymont) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> consent &mdash; see <a href="entries/political-obligation/">political obligation</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consequence-medieval/"><strong>consequence, medieval theories of</strong></a> (Catarina Dutilh Novaes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/consequentialism/"><strong>consequentialism</strong></a> (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/"><strong>rule</strong></a> (Brad Hooker) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/conservation-biology/"><strong>conservation biology</strong></a> (Jay Odenbaugh) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/conservatism/"><strong>conservatism</strong></a> (Andy Hamilton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/constitutionalism/"><strong>constitutionalism</strong></a> (Wil Waluchow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/constructive-empiricism/"><strong>constructive empiricism</strong></a> (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler) </li>
<li> constructivism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/constructivism-metaethics/"><strong>in metaethics</strong></a> (Carla Bagnoli) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/contextualism-epistemology/"><strong>contextualism, epistemic</strong></a> (Patrick Rysiew) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/continental-rationalism/"><strong>Continental Rationalism</strong></a> (Shannon Dea, Julie Walsh, and Thomas M. Lennon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/continuity/"><strong>continuity and infinitesimals</strong></a> (John L. Bell) </li>
<li> continuum hypothesis &mdash; see <a href="entries/continuum-hypothesis/">set theory: continuum hypothesis</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contractarianism/"><strong>contractarianism</strong></a> (Ann Cudd and Seena Eftekhari) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contract-law/"><strong>contract law, philosophy of</strong></a> (Daniel Markovits and Emad Atiq) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contractualism/"><strong>contractualism</strong></a> (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/contradiction/"><strong>contradiction</strong></a> (Laurence R. Horn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/convention/"><strong>convention</strong></a> (Michael Rescorla) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/conway/"><strong>Conway, Lady Anne</strong></a> (Sarah Hutton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/anna-julia-cooper/"><strong>Cooper, Anna Julia</strong></a> (Kathryn T. Gines) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/copernicus/"><strong>Copernicus, Nicolaus</strong></a> (Sheila Rabin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cordemoy/"><strong>Cordemoy, G&eacute;raud de</strong></a> (Fred Ablondi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/corruption/"><strong>corruption</strong></a> (Seumas Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmological-argument/"><strong>cosmological argument</strong></a> (Bruce Reichenbach) </li>
<li> cosmology
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/cosmology-30s/"><strong>methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s</strong></a> (George Gale) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/cosmology-theology/"><strong>and theology</strong></a> (Hans Halvorson and Helge Kragh) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmology/"><strong>cosmology, philosophy of</strong></a> (Christopher Smeenk and George Ellis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cosmopolitanism/"><strong>cosmopolitanism</strong></a> (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) </li>
<li> counterfactuals &mdash; see <a href="entries/counterfactuals/">conditionals: counterfactual</a> </li>
<li> counterpart theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/possible-objects/">possible objects</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/crathorn/"><strong>Crathorn, William</strong></a> (Aur&eacute;lien Robert) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/creation-conservation/"><strong>creation and conservation</strong></a> (David Vander Laan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/creationism/"><strong>creationism</strong></a> (Michael Ruse) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/crescas/"><strong>Crescas, Hasdai</strong></a> (Shalom Sadik) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/criminal-law/"><strong>criminal law, theories of</strong></a> (James Edwards) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/"><strong>critical philosophy of race</strong></a> (Linda Alcoff) </li>
<li> critical race theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/critical-phil-race/">critical philosophy of race</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/critical-theory/"><strong>critical theory</strong></a> (James Bohman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/critical-thinking/"><strong>critical thinking</strong></a> (David Hitchcock) </li>
<li> Croce, Benedetto
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/croce-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Gary Kemp) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/alexander-crummell/"><strong>Crummell, Alexander</strong></a> (Stephen Thompson) </li>
<li> Cudworth, Ralph &mdash; see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> cultural evolution &mdash; see <a href="entries/evolution-cultural/">evolution: cultural</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-cultural-heritage/"><strong>cultural heritage, ethics of</strong></a> (Erich Hatala Matthes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/culture/"><strong>culture</strong></a> (Patti Tamara Lenard)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/culture-cogsci/"><strong>and cognitive science</strong></a> (Jesse Prinz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Culverwell, Nathaniel &mdash; see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/curry-paradox/"><strong>Curry&rsquo;s paradox</strong></a> (Lionel Shapiro and Jc Beall) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/cusanus/"><strong>Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa]</strong></a> (Clyde Lee Miller) </li>
</ul>
<a id="d"></a>
<hr />
<h2>D <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/peter-damian/"><strong>Damian, Peter</strong></a> (Toivo J. Holopainen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dance/"><strong>dance, philosophy of</strong></a> (Aili Bresnahan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dante/"><strong>Dante Alighieri</strong></a> (Winthrop Wetherbee and Jason Aleksander) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/daoism/"><strong>Daoism</strong></a> (Chad Hansen)
   <ul>
   <li> Laozi &mdash; see <a href="entries/laozi/">Laozi</a> </li>
   <li> Neo-Daoism &mdash; see <a href="entries/neo-daoism/">Neo-Daoism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/daoism-religion/"><strong>religious</strong></a> (Fabrizio Pregadio) </li>
   <li> Zhuang Zi &mdash; see <a href="entries/zhuangzi/">Zhuangzi</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Darwin, Charles
   <ul>
   <li> from <em>Origin of Species</em> to <em>Descent of Man</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/origin-descent/">evolution: from <em>Origin of Species</em> to the <em>Descent of Man</em></a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/darwinism/"><strong>Darwinism</strong></a> (James Lennox) </li>
<li> <em>Dasein</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/heidegger/">Heidegger, Martin</a> </li>
<li> Daud, Abraham Ibn &mdash; see <a href="entries/abraham-daud/">Ibn Daud, Abraham</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/david/"><strong>David</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/davidson/"><strong>Davidson, Donald</strong></a> (Jeff Malpas) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/death/"><strong>death</strong></a> (Steven Luper)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/death-definition/"><strong>definition of </strong></a> (David DeGrazia) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> de Beauvoir, Simone &mdash; see <a href="entries/beauvoir/">Beauvoir, Simone de</a> </li>
<li> deception
   <ul>
   <li> definition of &mdash; see <a href="entries/lying-definition/">lying and deception: definition of</a> </li>
   <li> self &mdash; see <a href="entries/self-deception/">self-deception</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/decision-capacity/"><strong>decision-making capacity</strong></a> (Jennifer Hawkins and Louis C. Charland) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/decision-theory/"><strong>decision theory</strong></a> (Katie Steele and H. Orri Stef&aacute;nsson)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/decision-causal/"><strong>causal</strong></a> (Paul Weirich) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/decision-theory-descriptive/"><strong>descriptive</strong></a> (Jake Chandler) </li>
   <li> expected utility theories of rational choice &mdash; see <a href="entries/rationality-normative-utility/">rational choice, normative: expected utility</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Dedekind, Richard
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/dedekind-foundations/"><strong>contributions to the foundations of mathematics</strong></a> (Erich Reck) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/"><strong>defaults in semantics and pragmatics</strong></a> (Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/definitions/"><strong>definitions</strong></a> (Anil Gupta) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/deleuze/"><strong>Deleuze, Gilles</strong></a> (Daniel Smith and John Protevi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/delmedigo/"><strong>Delmedigo, Elijah</strong></a> (Michael Engel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/delusion/"><strong>delusion</strong></a> (Lisa Bortolotti) </li>
<li> demarcation of science &mdash; see <a href="entries/pseudo-science/">science: and pseudo-science</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/democracy/"><strong>democracy</strong></a> (Tom Christiano and Sameer Bajaj)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/global-democracy/"><strong>global</strong></a> (Jonathan Kuyper) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/democritus/"><strong>Democritus</strong></a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li>
<li> demonstration
   <ul>
   <li> Aristotle&rsquo;s theory of &mdash; see <a href="entries/aristotle-logic/">Aristotle, General Topics: logic</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/demonstration-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (John Longeway) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> demonstratives &mdash; see <a href="entries/indexicals/">indexicals</a> </li>
<li> denotation &mdash; see <a href="entries/reference/">reference</a> </li>
<li> deontological ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-deontological/">ethics: deontological</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dependence-ontological/"><strong>dependence, ontological</strong></a> (Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/depiction/"><strong>depiction</strong></a> (John Hyman and Katerina Bantinaki) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/derrida/"><strong>Derrida, Jacques</strong></a> (Leonard Lawlor) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/descartes/"><strong>Descartes, Ren&eacute;</strong></a> (Gary Hatfield)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-epistemology/"><strong>epistemology</strong></a> (Lex Newman) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Donald Rutherford) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-works/"><strong>life and works</strong></a> (Kurt Smith) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-mathematics/"><strong>mathematics</strong></a> (Mary Domski) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-method/"><strong>method</strong></a> (Tarek R. Dika) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-modal/"><strong>modal metaphysics</strong></a> (David Cunning) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-ontological/"><strong>ontological argument</strong></a> (Lawrence Nolan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-physics/"><strong>physics</strong></a> (Edward Slowik) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/pineal-gland/"><strong>and the pineal gland</strong></a> (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/descartes-ideas/"><strong>theory of ideas</strong></a> (Kurt Smith) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/descriptions/"><strong>descriptions</strong></a> (Peter Ludlow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/desert/"><strong>desert</strong></a> (Fred Feldman and Brad Skow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/desgabets/"><strong>Desgabets, Robert</strong></a> (Patricia Easton) </li>
<li> design, argument from &mdash; see <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/">teleology: teleological arguments for God&rsquo;s existence</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/desire/"><strong>desire</strong></a> (Tim Schroeder) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/determinate-determinables/"><strong>determinates vs. determinables</strong></a> (Jessica Wilson) </li>
<li> determinism
   <ul>
   <li> ancient theories of &mdash; see <a href="entries/freedom-ancient/">freedom: ancient theories of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/determinism-causal/"><strong>causal</strong></a> (Carl Hoefer) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/biology-developmental/"><strong>developmental biology</strong></a> (Alan Love)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/epigenesis/"><strong>epigenesis and preformationism</strong></a> (Jane Maienschein) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/evolution-development/"><strong>evolution and development</strong></a> (Jan Baedke and Scott F. Gilbert) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/dewey/"><strong>Dewey, John</strong></a> (David Hildebrand)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/dewey-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Tom Leddy and Kalle Puolakka) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/dewey-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Elizabeth Anderson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/dewey-political/"><strong>political philosophy</strong></a> (Matthew Festenstein) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/dharmakiirti/"><strong>Dharmak&#299;rti</strong></a> (Tom Tillemans) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/diagrams/"><strong>diagrams</strong></a> (Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma)
   <ul>
   <li> epistemology of &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemology-visual-thinking/">visual thinking in mathematics: epistemology of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/dialectical-school/"><strong>Dialectical School</strong></a> (Susanne Bobzien) </li>
<li> dialectics, Hegel&rsquo;s &mdash; see <a href="entries/hegel-dialectics/">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dialetheism/"><strong>dialetheism</strong></a> (Graham Priest, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/diderot/"><strong>Diderot, Denis</strong></a> (Charles T. Wolfe and J.B. Shank) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dietrich-freiberg/"><strong>Dietrich of Freiberg</strong></a> (Markus F&uuml;hrer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/digital-art/"><strong>digital art, philosophy of</strong></a> (Katherine Thomson-Jones and Shelby Moser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dilthey/"><strong>Dilthey, Wilhelm</strong></a> (Rudolf Makkreel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/diodorus-cronus/"><strong>Diodorus Cronus</strong></a> (David Sedley) </li>
<li> Diogenes Laertius &mdash; see <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/">doxography of ancient philosophy</a> </li>
<li> Dionysius the Areopagite &mdash; see <a href="entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dirty-hands/"><strong>dirty hands, the problem of</strong></a> (C.A.J. Coady) </li>
<li> disability
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/disability-critical/"><strong>critical disability theory</strong></a> (Melinda C. Hall) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/disability/"><strong>definitions, models, experience</strong></a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li>
   <li> feminist perspectives on &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-disability/">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on disability</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/disability-health/"><strong>health, well-being, personal relationships</strong></a> (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/disability-care-rationing/"><strong>and health care rationing</strong></a> (Jerome Bickenbach) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/disability-justice/"><strong>and justice</strong></a> (Daniel Putnam, David Wasserman, Jeffrey Blustein, and Adrienne Asch) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/disagreement/"><strong>disagreement</strong></a> (Bryan Frances and Jonathan Matheson)
   <ul>
   <li> moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/disagreement-moral/">moral disagreement</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/discourse-representation-theory/"><strong>discourse representation theory</strong></a> (Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/discrimination/"><strong>discrimination</strong></a> (Andrew Altman) </li>
<li> disease &mdash; see <a href="entries/health-disease/">health</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disjunction/"><strong>disjunction</strong></a> (Maria Aloni) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dispositions/"><strong>dispositions</strong></a> (Sungho Choi and Michael Fara) </li>
<li> <em>Dissoi Logoi</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li>
<li> distributive justice &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-distributive/">justice: distributive</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-moral-psych/"><strong>and empirical moral psychology</strong></a> (Christian B. Miller) </li>
   <li> international &mdash; see <a href="entries/international-justice/">justice: international distributive</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> diversity
   <ul>
   <li> religious &mdash; see <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/">religious diversity</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> divine
   <ul>
   <li> command theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/voluntarism-theological/">voluntarism, theological</a> </li>
   <li> foreknowledge and free will &mdash; see <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">free will: divine foreknowledge and</a> </li>
   <li> freedom &mdash; see <a href="entries/divine-freedom/">freedom: divine</a> </li>
   <li> hiddenness &mdash; see <a href="entries/divine-hiddenness/">hiddenness of God</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/illumination/"><strong>illumination</strong></a> (Robert Pasnau) </li>
   <li> providence &mdash; see <a href="entries/providence-divine/">providence, divine</a> </li>
   <li> revelation &mdash; see <a href="entries/divine-revelation/">revelation, divine</a> </li>
   <li> simplicity &mdash; see <a href="entries/divine-simplicity/">simplicity: divine</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/doing-allowing/"><strong>doing vs. allowing harm</strong></a> (Fiona Woollard and Frances Howard-Snyder) </li>
<li> domestic partnership and marriage &mdash; see <a href="entries/marriage/">marriage and domestic partnership</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/domination/"><strong>domination</strong></a> (Christopher McCammon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gametes-donation-sale/"><strong>donation and sale of human eggs and sperm</strong></a> (Reuven Brandt, Stephen Wilkinson, and Nicola Williams) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/organ-donation/"><strong>donation of human organs</strong></a> (Martin Wilkinson and Stephen Wilkinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/double-consciousness/"><strong>double consciousness</strong></a> (John P. Pittman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/double-effect/"><strong>double effect, doctrine of</strong></a> (Alison McIntyre) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/frederick-douglass/"><strong>Douglass, Frederick</strong></a> (Ronald Sundstrom) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/doxography-ancient/"><strong>doxography of ancient philosophy</strong></a> (Jaap Mansfeld) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dreams-dreaming/"><strong>dreams and dreaming</strong></a> (Jennifer M. Windt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dualism/"><strong>dualism</strong></a> (Howard Robinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dubois/"><strong>Du Bois, W.E.B.</strong></a> (Robert Gooding-Williams) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/du-bos/"><strong>Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste </strong></a> (James O. Young and Margaret Cameron) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/duhem/"><strong>Duhem, Pierre</strong></a> (Roger Ariew) </li>
<li> Dunbar, James &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/duns-scotus/"><strong>Duns Scotus, John</strong></a> (Thomas Williams) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/dutch-book/"><strong>Dutch book arguments</strong></a> (Susan Vineberg) </li>
<li> dynamic epistemic logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/dynamic-epistemic/">logic: dynamic epistemic</a> </li>
<li> dynamic semantics &mdash; see <a href="entries/dynamic-semantics/">semantics: dynamic</a> </li>
</ul>
<a id="e"></a>
<hr />
<h2>E <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/early-modern-india/"><strong>Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in</strong></a> (Jonardon Ganeri) </li>
<li> Eckhart, Meister &mdash; see <a href="entries/meister-eckhart/">Meister Eckhart</a> </li>
<li> ecological genetics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ecological-genetics/">genetics: ecological</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ecology/"><strong>ecology</strong></a> (Sahotra Sarkar and Alkistis Elliott-Graves)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/biodiversity/"><strong>biodiversity</strong></a> (Daniel P. Faith) </li>
   <li> conservation biology &mdash; see <a href="entries/conservation-biology/">conservation biology</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> economics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/economics-early-modern/"><strong>in early modern philosophy</strong></a> (Margaret Schabas) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/economics/"><strong>philosophy of</strong></a> (Daniel M. Hausman) </li>
   <li> Ramsey and intergenerational welfare economics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ramsey-economics/">Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/economic-justice/"><strong>economics [normative] and economic justice</strong></a> (Marc Fleurbaey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/education-philosophy/"><strong>education, philosophy of</strong></a> (Harvey Siegel, D.C. Phillips, and Eamonn Callan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/edwards/"><strong>Edwards, Jonathan</strong></a> (William Wainwright) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/egalitarianism/"><strong>egalitarianism</strong></a> (Richard Arneson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/egoism/"><strong>egoism</strong></a> (Robert Shaver) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ehrenfels/"><strong>Ehrenfels, Christian von</strong></a> (Robin Rollinger and Carlo Ierna) </li>
<li> Einstein, Albert
   <ul>
   <li> the hole argument &mdash; see <a href="entries/spacetime-holearg/">space and time: the hole argument</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/einstein-philscience/"><strong>philosophy of science</strong></a> (Don A. Howard and Marco Giovanelli) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/elias/"><strong>Elias</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/elisabeth-bohemia/"><strong>Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia</strong></a> (Lisa Shapiro) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/properties-emergent/"><strong>emergent properties</strong></a> (Timothy O&rsquo;Connor) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/emerson/"><strong>Emerson, Ralph Waldo</strong></a> (Russell Goodman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/emotion/"><strong>emotion</strong></a> (Andrea Scarantino and Ronald de Sousa)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/"><strong>17th and 18th century theories of</strong></a> (Amy M. Schmitter) </li>
   <li> in Early Chinese philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-chinese/">Chinese Philosophy: emotions in early Chinese Philosophy</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/emotion-Christian-tradition/"><strong>in the Christian tradition</strong></a> (Robert Roberts) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-emotions/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Simo Knuuttila) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/empathy/"><strong>empathy</strong></a> (Karsten Stueber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/empedocles/"><strong>Empedocles</strong></a> (K. Scarlett Kingsley and Richard Parry) </li>
<li> empirical approaches
   <ul>
   <li> altruism &mdash; see <a href="entries/altruism-empirical/">altruism: empirical approaches</a> </li>
   <li> character, moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-character-empirical/">character, moral: empirical approaches</a> </li>
   <li> psychology of normative cognition &mdash; see <a href="entries/psychology-normative-cognition/">normative cognition, psychology of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> empiricism &mdash; see <a href="entries/rationalism-empiricism/">rationalism vs. empiricism</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/empiricism-ancient-medieval/"><strong>ancient and medieval</strong></a> (Gregory W. Dawes) </li>
   <li> constructive &mdash; see <a href="entries/constructive-empiricism/">constructive empiricism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logical-empiricism/"><strong>logical</strong></a> (Richard Creath) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/enlightenment/"><strong>Enlightenment</strong></a> (William Bristow) </li>
<li> entailment &mdash; see <a href="entries/logical-consequence/">logical consequence</a> </li>
<li> entropy
   <ul>
   <li> and information processing &mdash; see <a href="entries/information-entropy/">information processing: and thermodynamic entropy</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/envy/"><strong>envy</strong></a> (Justin D&rsquo;Arms) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epictetus/"><strong>Epictetus</strong></a> (Margaret Graver) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epicurus/"><strong>Epicurus</strong></a> (David Konstan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epiphenomenalism/"><strong>epiphenomenalism</strong></a> (William Robinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/episteme-techne/"><strong><em>episteme</em> and <em>techne</em> [= scientific knowledge and expertise]</strong></a> (Richard Parry) </li>
<li> epistemic basing relation &mdash; see <a href="entries/basing-epistemic/">basing relation, epistemic</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/closure-epistemic/"><strong>epistemic closure</strong></a> (Steven Luper) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epistemic-paradoxes/"><strong>epistemic paradoxes</strong></a> (Roy Sorensen) </li>
<li> epistemic self-doubt &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemic-self-doubt/">self-doubt, epistemic</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epistemic-utility/"><strong>epistemic utility arguments for probabilism</strong></a> (Richard Pettigrew) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epistemology/"><strong>epistemology</strong></a> (Matthias Steup and Ram Neta)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-bayesian/"><strong>Bayesian</strong></a> (William Talbott) </li>
   <li> contextualism in &mdash; see <a href="entries/contextualism-epistemology/">contextualism, epistemic</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-evolutionary/"><strong>evolutionary</strong></a> (Michael Bradie and William Harms) </li>
   <li> feminist &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-epistemology/">feminist philosophy, interventions: epistemology and philosophy of science</a> </li>
   <li> in classical Indian philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemology-india/">Indian Philosophy (Classical): epistemology</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-latin-america/"><strong>in Latin America</strong></a> (Diego Machuca) </li>
   <li> moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-epistemology/">moral epistemology</a> </li>
   <li> moral, a priorism in &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-epistemology-a-priori/">moral epistemology: a priorism in</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-naturalized/"><strong>naturalism in</strong></a> (Patrick Rysiew) </li>
   <li> reliabilist &mdash; see <a href="entries/reliabilism/">reliabilist epistemology</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-social/"><strong>social</strong></a> (Alvin Goldman and Cailin O&rsquo;Connor) </li>
   <li> social feminist &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminist-social-epistemology/">feminist philosophy, interventions: social epistemology</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-virtue/"><strong>virtue</strong></a> (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/formal-epistemology/"><strong>epistemology, formal</strong></a> (Jonathan Weisberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epsilon-calculus/"><strong>epsilon calculus</strong></a> (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/equality/"><strong>equality</strong></a> (Stefan Gosepath)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/equal-ed-opportunity/"><strong>of educational opportunity</strong></a> (Liam Shields, Anne Newman, and Debra Satz) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/equal-opportunity/"><strong>of opportunity</strong></a> (Richard Arneson) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/equivME/"><strong>equivalence of mass and energy</strong></a> (Francisco Fernflores) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/erasmus/"><strong>Erasmus, Desiderius</strong></a> (Erika Rummel and Eric MacPhail) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ergodic-hierarchy/"><strong>ergodic hierarchy</strong></a> (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scottus-eriugena/"><strong>Eriugena, John Scottus</strong></a> (Dermot Moran and Adrian Guiu) </li>
<li> essence, real &mdash; see <a href="entries/real-essence/">Locke, John: on real essence</a> </li>
<li> essentialism &mdash; see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/essential-accidental/"><strong>essential vs. accidental properties</strong></a> (Teresa Robertson Ishii and Philip Atkins) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/eternity/"><strong>eternity, in Christian thought</strong></a> (Natalja Deng) </li>
<li> ethics
   <ul>
   <li> actualism and possibilism &mdash; see <a href="entries/actualism-possibilism-ethics/">actualism and possibilism in ethics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/"><strong>ancient</strong></a> (Richard Parry and Harald Thorsrud) </li>
   <li> of belief &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-belief/">belief, ethics of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-business/"><strong>business</strong></a> (Jeffrey Moriarty) </li>
   <li> Chinese &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-chinese/">Chinese Philosophy: ethics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-deontological/"><strong>deontological</strong></a> (Larry Alexander and Michael Moore) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-environmental/"><strong>environmental</strong></a> (Andrew Brennan and Norva Y. S. Lo) </li>
   <li> feminist &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-ethics/">feminist philosophy, interventions: ethics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/"><strong>in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism</strong></a> (Charles Goodman) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-internet-research/"><strong>internet research</strong></a> (Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Michael Zimmer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/natural-law-ethics/"><strong>natural law tradition</strong></a> (Mark Murphy) </li>
   <li> and personal identity &mdash; see <a href="entries/identity-ethics/">personal identity: and ethics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-search/"><strong>search engines and</strong></a> (Herman Tavani) </li>
   <li> and social networking &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-social-networking/">social networking and ethics</a> </li>
   <li> thick concepts &mdash; see <a href="entries/thick-ethical-concepts/">thick ethical concepts</a> </li>
   <li> utilitarian &mdash; see <a href="entries/consequentialism/">consequentialism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-virtue/"><strong>virtue</strong></a> (Rosalind Hursthouse and Glen Pettigrove) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> ethics, African &mdash; see <a href="entries/african-ethics/">African Philosophy: ethics</a> </li>
<li> ethics, applied
   <ul>
   <li> phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/">information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> ethics, biomedical
   <ul>
   <li> advance directives and substitute decision-making &mdash; see <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/chimeras/"><strong>chimeras, human/non-human</strong></a> (Robert Streiffer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/clinical-research/"><strong>clinical research</strong></a> (David Wendler) </li>
   <li> cloning &mdash; see <a href="entries/cloning/">cloning</a> </li>
   <li> decision-making capacity &mdash; see <a href="entries/decision-capacity/">decision-making capacity</a> </li>
   <li> disability &mdash; see <a href="entries/disability/">disability: definitions, models, experience</a> </li>
   <li> disease and health, concepts of &mdash; see <a href="entries/health-disease/">health</a> </li>
   <li> the donation and sale of human eggs and sperm &mdash; see <a href="entries/gametes-donation-sale/">donation and sale of human eggs and sperm</a> </li>
   <li> the donation of human organs &mdash; see <a href="entries/organ-donation/">donation of human organs</a> </li>
   <li> human enhancement &mdash; see <a href="entries/enhancement/">human enhancement</a> </li>
   <li> informed consent &mdash; see <a href="entries/informed-consent/">informed consent</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-inequality-health/"><strong>justice, inequality, and health</strong></a> (Douglas MacKay and Gopal Sreenivasan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-healthcareaccess/"><strong>justice and access to health care</strong></a> (Norman Daniels) </li>
   <li> pregnancy, birth, and medicine &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-pregnancy/">pregnancy, birth, and medicine</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/privacy-medicine/"><strong>privacy and medicine</strong></a> (Anita Allen) </li>
   <li> public health ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/publichealth-ethics/">public health: ethics</a> </li>
   <li> the sale of human organs &mdash; see <a href="entries/organs-sale/">sale of human organs</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/stem-cells/"><strong>stem cell research</strong></a> (Andrew Siegel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/theory-bioethics/"><strong>theory</strong></a> (Jennifer Flynn) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <em>eudaimonia</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ethics: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/eugenics/"><strong>eugenics</strong></a> (Sara Goering) </li>
<li> euthanasia
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/euthanasia-voluntary/"><strong>voluntary</strong></a> (Robert Young) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/events/"><strong>events</strong></a> (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/evidence/"><strong>evidence</strong></a> (Thomas Kelly)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/evidence-legal/"><strong>the legal concept of</strong></a> (Hock Lai Ho) </li>
   <li> scientific &mdash; see <a href="entries/confirmation/">confirmation</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> evil
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/concept-evil/"><strong>concept of</strong></a> (Todd Calder) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/evil-kinds-origins/"><strong>kinds and origins</strong></a> (Andrew Chignell) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/evil/"><strong>problem of</strong></a> (Michael Tooley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/evolution/"><strong>evolution</strong></a> (Roberta L. Millstein)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/evolution-before-darwin/"><strong>concept before Darwin</strong></a> (Phillip Sloan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/evolution-cultural/"><strong>cultural</strong></a> (Tim Lewens) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/origin-descent/"><strong>from <em>Origin of Species</em> to the <em>Descent of Man</em></strong></a> (Phillip Sloan) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> evolutionary ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/morality-biology/">morality: and evolutionary biology</a> </li>
<li> evolutionary game theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/game-evolutionary/">game theory: evolutionary</a> </li>
<li> evolutionary psychology &mdash; see <a href="entries/evolutionary-psychology/">psychology: evolutionary</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/existence/"><strong>existence</strong></a> (Michael Nelson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/existentialism/"><strong>existentialism</strong></a> (Steven Crowell)
   <ul>
   <li> aesthetics &mdash; see <a href="entries/aesthetics-existentialist/">aesthetics: existentialist</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/experimental-moral/"><strong>experimental moral philosophy</strong></a> (Mark Alfano, Don Loeb, and Alexandra Plakias) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/experimental-philosophy/"><strong>experimental philosophy</strong></a> (Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols) </li>
<li> experimentation
   <ul>
   <li> in biology &mdash; see <a href="entries/biology-experiment/">biology: experiment in</a> </li>
   <li> in physics &mdash; see <a href="entries/physics-experiment/">physics: experiment in</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> explanation
   <ul>
   <li> in mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/mathematics-explanation/">mathematics: explanation in</a> </li>
   <li> metaphysics &mdash; see <a href="entries/metaphysical-explanation/">metaphysical explanation</a> </li>
   <li> scientific &mdash; see <a href="entries/scientific-explanation/">scientific explanation</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/exploitation/"><strong>exploitation</strong></a> (Matt Zwolinski and Alan Wertheimer) </li>
<li> externalism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/self-knowledge-externalism/"><strong>and self-knowledge</strong></a> (T. Parent) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/content-externalism/"><strong>externalism about the mind</strong></a> (Mark Rowlands, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch) </li>
<li> extrinsic &mdash; see <a href="entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/">intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties</a> </li>
<li> Ezra, Abraham Ibn &mdash; see <a href="entries/ibn-ezra/">Ibn Ezra, Abraham</a> </li>
</ul>
<a id="f"></a>
<hr />
<h2>F <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/facts/"><strong>facts</strong></a> (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/faith/"><strong>faith</strong></a> (John Bishop) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/falaquera/"><strong>Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn</strong></a> (Steve Harvey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fallacies/"><strong>fallacies</strong></a> (Hans Hansen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/frantz-fanon/"><strong>Fanon, Frantz</strong></a> (John Drabinski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fatalism/"><strong>fatalism</strong></a> (Hugh Rice) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fechner/"><strong>Fechner, Gustav Theodor</strong></a> (Frederick C. Beiser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/federalism/"><strong>federalism</strong></a> (Andreas Follesdal) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/feigl/"><strong>Feigl, Herbert</strong></a> (Matthias Neuber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/margaret-fell/"><strong>Fell, Margaret</strong></a> (Jacqueline Broad) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy/"><strong>feminist philosophy</strong></a> (No&euml;lle McAfee) </li>
<li> feminist philosophy, approaches
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-analytic/"><strong>analytic philosophy</strong></a> (Ann Garry) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-continental/"><strong>continental philosophy</strong></a> (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-analy-cont/"><strong>intersections between analytic and continental philosophy</strong></a> (Georgia Warnke) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-prag-cont/"><strong>intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy</strong></a> (Shannon Sullivan and Erin Tarver) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-latin-america/"><strong>Latin American feminism</strong></a> (Stephanie Rivera Berruz) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/femapproach-pragmatism/"><strong>pragmatism</strong></a> (Judy Whipps and Danielle Lake) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-psychoanalysis/"><strong>psychoanalytic philosophy</strong></a> (Emily Zakin) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> feminist philosophy, interventions
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Carolyn Korsmeyer and Peg Brand Weiser) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-bioethics/"><strong>bioethics</strong></a> (Anne Donchin and Jackie Scully) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-environmental/"><strong>environmental philosophy</strong></a> (Karen J. Warren) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-epistemology/"><strong>epistemology and philosophy of science</strong></a> (Elizabeth Anderson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Kathryn Norlock) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-femhist/"><strong>history of philosophy</strong></a> (Charlotte Witt and Lisa Shapiro) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-liberal/"><strong>liberal feminism</strong></a> (Amy R. Baehr) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Sally Haslanger and &Aacute;sta) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-moralpsych/"><strong>moral psychology</strong></a> (Anita Superson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-philosophy-biology/"><strong>philosophy of biology</strong></a> (Carla Fehr) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-language/"><strong>philosophy of language</strong></a> (Jennifer Saul and Esa Diaz-Leon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-law/"><strong>philosophy of law</strong></a> (Leslie Francis and Patricia Smith) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-religion/"><strong>philosophy of religion</strong></a> (Nancy Frankenberry) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-political/"><strong>political philosophy</strong></a> (No&euml;lle McAfee and Katie B. Howard) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-social-epistemology/"><strong>social epistemology</strong></a> (Heidi Grasswick) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> feminist philosophy, topics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-argumentation/"><strong>perspectives on argumentation</strong></a> (Catherine E. Hundleby) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-autonomy/"><strong>perspectives on autonomy</strong></a> (Natalie Stoljar) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-class/"><strong>perspectives on class and work</strong></a> (Ann Ferguson, Rosemary Hennessy, and Mechthild Nagel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-disability/"><strong>perspectives on disability</strong></a> (Anita Silvers) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-globalization/"><strong>perspectives on globalization</strong></a> (Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-objectification/"><strong>perspectives on objectification</strong></a> (Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-power/"><strong>perspectives on power</strong></a> (Amy Allen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-rape/"><strong>perspectives on rape</strong></a> (Rebecca Whisnant) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-family/"><strong>perspectives on reproduction and the family</strong></a> (Debra Satz) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-science/"><strong>perspectives on science</strong></a> (Sharon Crasnow) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-gender/"><strong>perspectives on sex and gender</strong></a> (Mari Mikkola) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-sex-markets/"><strong>perspectives on sex markets</strong></a> (Laurie Shrage) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminist-body/"><strong>perspectives on the body</strong></a> (Kathleen Lennon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-self/"><strong>perspectives on the self</strong></a> (Ellie Anderson, Cynthia Willett, and Diana Meyers) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/feminism-trans/"><strong>perspectives on trans issues</strong></a> (Talia Bettcher) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Ferguson, Adam &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> Ferrier, James &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ludwig-feuerbach/"><strong>Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas</strong></a> (Todd Gooch) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/feyerabend/"><strong>Feyerabend, Paul</strong></a> (John Preston) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/johann-fichte/"><strong>Fichte, Johann Gottlieb</strong></a> (Dan Breazeale) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ficino/"><strong>Ficino, Marsilio</strong></a> (Christopher S. Celenza) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fiction/"><strong>fiction</strong></a> (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fictional-entities/"><strong>fictional entities</strong></a> (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fictionalism/"><strong>fictionalism</strong></a> (Matti Eklund)
   <ul>
   <li> in the philosophy of mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/fictionalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: fictionalism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/fictionalism-modal/"><strong>modal</strong></a> (Daniel Nolan) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/fideism/"><strong>fideism</strong></a> (Richard Amesbury) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/film/"><strong>film, philosophy of</strong></a> (Thomas Wartenberg) </li>
<li> finance, philosophy of money and &mdash; see <a href="entries/money-finance/">money and finance, philosophy of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/findlay/"><strong>Findlay, J.N.</strong></a> (Douglas Lackey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fine-tuning/"><strong>fine-tuning</strong></a> (Simon Friederich) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fitch-paradox/"><strong>Fitch&rsquo;s paradox of knowability</strong></a> (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fitness/"><strong>fitness</strong></a> (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fitting-attitude-theories/"><strong>fitting attitude theories of value</strong></a> (Daniel Jacobson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fitzralph/"><strong>FitzRalph, Richard</strong></a> (Michael W. Dunne) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fleck/"><strong>Fleck, Ludwik</strong></a> (Wojciech Sady) </li>
<li> folk psychology
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/folkpsych-simulation/"><strong>as mental simulation</strong></a> (Luca Barlassina and Robert M. Gordon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/folkpsych-theory/"><strong>as a theory</strong></a> (Daniel Hutto and Ian Ravenscroft) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/philippa-foot/"><strong>Foot, Philippa</strong></a> (John Hacker-Wright) </li>
<li> foreknowledge, divine &mdash; see <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">free will: divine foreknowledge and</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/forgiveness/"><strong>forgiveness</strong></a> (Paul M. Hughes and Brandon Warmke) </li>
<li> formal epistemology &mdash; see <a href="entries/formal-epistemology/">epistemology, formal</a> </li>
<li> formalism
   <ul>
   <li> in the philosophy of mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/formalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: formalism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> formal representations of belief &mdash; see <a href="entries/formal-belief/">belief, formal representations of</a> </li>
<li> Forms [Platonic] &mdash; see <a href="entries/plato-metaphysics/">Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/form-matter/"><strong>form vs. matter</strong></a> (Thomas Ainsworth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/foucault/"><strong>Foucault, Michel</strong></a> (Gary Gutting and Johanna Oksala) </li>
<li> four dimensionalism &mdash; see <a href="entries/temporal-parts/">temporal parts</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/frame-problem/"><strong>frame problem</strong></a> (Murray Shanahan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/francis-marchia/"><strong>Francis of Marchia</strong></a> (Christopher Schabel) </li>
<li> Frankfurt School &mdash; see <a href="entries/critical-theory/">critical theory</a> </li>
<li> freedom
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/freedom-ancient/"><strong>ancient theories of</strong></a> (Tim O&rsquo;Keefe) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/freedom-association/"><strong>of association</strong></a> (Kimberley Brownlee and David Jenkins) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/divine-freedom/"><strong>divine</strong></a> (William Rowe) </li>
   <li> positive and negative &mdash; see <a href="entries/liberty-positive-negative/">liberty: positive and negative</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/freedom-speech/"><strong>of speech</strong></a> (David van Mill) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/free-rider/"><strong>free rider problem</strong></a> (Russell Hardin and Garrett Cullity) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/freewill/"><strong>free will</strong></a> (Timothy O&rsquo;Connor and Christopher Franklin)
   <ul>
   <li> (nondeterministic) theories of &mdash; see <a href="entries/incompatibilism-theories/">incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/free-will-foreknowledge/"><strong>divine foreknowledge and</strong></a> (David Hunt and Linda Zagzebski) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/frege/"><strong>Frege, Gottlob</strong></a> (Edward N. Zalta)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/frege-hilbert/"><strong>controversy with Hilbert</strong></a> (Patricia Blanchette) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/frege-theorem/"><strong>theorem and foundations for arithmetic</strong></a> (Edward N. Zalta) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/friendship/"><strong>friendship</strong></a> (Bennett Helm) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fuller-margaret/"><strong>Fuller, Margaret</strong></a> (Daniel Howe) </li>
<li> function
   <ul>
   <li> in biology &mdash; see <a href="entries/teleology-biology/">teleology: teleological notions in biology</a> </li>
   <li> propositional &mdash; see <a href="entries/propositional-function/">propositional function</a> </li>
   <li> recursive &mdash; see <a href="entries/recursive-functions/">recursive functions</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/functionalism/"><strong>functionalism</strong></a> (Janet Levin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/fundamentality/"><strong>fundamentality</strong></a> (Tuomas E. Tahko) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/future-contingents/"><strong>future contingents</strong></a> (Peter &Oslash;hrstr&oslash;m and Per Hasle)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-futcont/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Simo Knuuttila) </li>
   </ul></li>
</ul>
<a id="g"></a>
<hr />
<h2>G <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/gadamer/"><strong>Gadamer, Hans-Georg</strong></a> (Jeff Malpas)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/gadamer-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Nicholas Davey) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/galen/"><strong>Galen</strong></a> (P. N. Singer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/galileo/"><strong>Galileo Galilei</strong></a> (Peter Machamer and David Marshall Miller) </li>
<li> games
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/games-abstraction/"><strong>abstraction and completeness</strong></a> (Felice Cardone) </li>
   <li> logic and &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-games/">logic: and games</a> </li>
   <li> logics for analyzing &mdash; see <a href="entries/logics-for-games/">logic: for analyzing games</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/game-theory/"><strong>game theory</strong></a> (Don Ross)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemic-game/"><strong>epistemic foundations of</strong></a> (Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/game-ethics/"><strong>and ethics</strong></a> (Keith Hankins and Peter Vanderschraaf) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/game-evolutionary/"><strong>evolutionary</strong></a> (J. McKenzie Alexander) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/gangesa/"><strong>Ga&#7749;ge&#347;a</strong></a> (Stephen Phillips) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gassendi/"><strong>Gassendi, Pierre</strong></a> (Saul Fisher) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gelukpa/"><strong>Gelukpa [dge lugs pa]</strong></a> (Douglas Duckworth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gene/"><strong>gene</strong></a> (Hans-J&ouml;rg Rheinberger, Staffan M&uuml;ller-Wille, and Robert Meunier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/generalized-quantifiers/"><strong>generalized quantifiers</strong></a> (Dag Westerst&aring;hl) </li>
<li> general relativity
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/genrel-early/"><strong>early philosophical interpretations of</strong></a> (Thomas A. Ryckman) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/generics/"><strong>generic generalizations</strong></a> (Sarah-Jane Leslie and Adam Lerner) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/genetic-drift/"><strong>genetic drift</strong></a> (Roberta L. Millstein) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/genetics/"><strong>genetics</strong></a> (James Tabery)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/ecological-genetics/"><strong>ecological</strong></a> (Michael Wade) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/genotype-phenotype/"><strong>genotype/phenotype distinction</strong></a> (Peter Taylor and Richard Lewontin) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/molecular-genetics/"><strong>molecular</strong></a> (Ken Waters) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/population-genetics/"><strong>population</strong></a> (Samir Okasha) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/genomics/"><strong>genomics and postgenomics</strong></a> (Stephan Guttinger and John Dupr&eacute;) </li>
<li> geometry
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-geometry/"><strong>epistemology of</strong></a> (Jeremy Gray and Jos&eacute; Ferreir&oacute;s) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/geometry-finitism/"><strong>finitism in</strong></a> (Jean Paul Van Bendegem) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/geometry-19th/"><strong>in the 19th century</strong></a> (Roberto Torretti) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Gerard, Alexander &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> German Philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/18thGerman-preKant/"><strong>in the 18th century, prior to Kant</strong></a> (Corey Dyck and Brigitte Sassen) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/gersonides/"><strong>Gersonides</strong></a> (Tamar Rudavsky) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/giles/"><strong>Giles of Rome</strong></a> (Roberto Lambertini) </li>
<li> given, the &mdash; see <a href="entries/justep-foundational/">justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of</a> </li>
<li> global democracy &mdash; see <a href="entries/global-democracy/">democracy: global</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/globalization/"><strong>globalization</strong></a> (William Scheuerman) </li>
<li> global justice &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-global/">justice: global</a> </li>
<li> God
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/god-necessary-being/"><strong>and other necessary beings</strong></a> (Matthew Davidson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/god-ultimates/"><strong>and other ultimates</strong></a> (Jeanine Diller) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> God, arguments for belief in
   <ul>
   <li> pragmatic &mdash; see <a href="entries/pragmatic-belief-god/">pragmatic arguments and belief in God</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> God, arguments for the existence of
   <ul>
   <li> cosmological &mdash; see <a href="entries/cosmological-argument/">cosmological argument</a> </li>
   <li> Descartes&rsquo; ontological &mdash; see <a href="entries/descartes-ontological/">Descartes, Ren&eacute;: ontological argument</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-arguments-god/"><strong>moral arguments</strong></a> (C. Stephen Evans) </li>
   <li> ontological &mdash; see <a href="entries/ontological-arguments/">ontological arguments</a> </li>
   <li> teleological &mdash; see <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/">teleology: teleological arguments for God&rsquo;s existence</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/godfrey/"><strong>Godfrey of Fontaines</strong></a> (John Wippel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/godwin/"><strong>Godwin, William</strong></a> (Mark Philp) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/goedel/"><strong>G&ouml;del, Kurt</strong></a> (Juliette Kennedy)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/goedel-incompleteness/"><strong>incompleteness theorems</strong></a> (Panu Raatikainen) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/goodman/"><strong>Goodman, Nelson</strong></a> (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/goodman-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Alessandro Giovannelli) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/perfect-goodness/"><strong>goodness, perfect</strong></a> (Mark Murphy) </li>
<li> goods, public &mdash; see <a href="entries/public-goods/">public goods</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gorampa/"><strong>Gorampa [go rams pa]</strong></a> (Constance Kassor) </li>
<li> grammar
   <ul>
   <li> categorial &mdash; see <a href="entries/typelogical-grammar/">grammar: typelogical</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/typelogical-grammar/"><strong>typelogical</strong></a> (Michael Moortgat) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/gratitude/"><strong>gratitude</strong></a> (Tony Manela) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/green/"><strong>Green, Thomas Hill</strong></a> (David Brink) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gregory-rimini/"><strong>Gregory of Rimini</strong></a> (Christopher Schabel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/grice/"><strong>Grice, Paul</strong></a> (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/grosseteste/"><strong>Grosseteste, Robert</strong></a> (Neil Lewis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/grotius/"><strong>Grotius, Hugo</strong></a> (Jon Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/grounding/"><strong>grounding, metaphysical</strong></a> (Ricki Bliss and Kelly Trogdon) </li>
<li> group rights &mdash; see <a href="entries/rights-group/">rights: group</a> </li>
</ul>
<a id="h"></a>
<hr />
<h2>H <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/habermas/"><strong>Habermas, J&uuml;rgen</strong></a> (James Bohman and William Rehg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/haecceitism/"><strong>haecceitism</strong></a> (Sam Cowling) </li>
<li> haecceity &mdash; see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-haecceity/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Richard Cross) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/halevi/"><strong>Halevi, Judah</strong></a> (Barry Kogan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hamann/"><strong>Hamann, Johann Georg</strong></a> (Gwen Griffith-Dickson) </li>
<li> Hamilton, William &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-19th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/happiness/"><strong>happiness</strong></a> (Dan Haybron) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hare/"><strong>Hare, Richard Mervyn</strong></a> (Anthony Price) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hartley/"><strong>Hartley, David</strong></a> (Richard Allen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nicolai-hartmann/"><strong>Hartmann, Nicolai</strong></a> (Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hartshorne/"><strong>Hartshorne, Charles</strong></a> (Dan Dombrowski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hate-speech/"><strong>hate speech</strong></a> (Luvell Anderson and Michael Barnes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/friedrich-hayek/"><strong>Hayek, Friedrich</strong></a> (David Schmidtz and Peter Boettke) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/health-disease/"><strong>health</strong></a> (Dominic Murphy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/heaven-hell/"><strong>heaven and hell in Christian thought</strong></a> (Thomas Talbott) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hedonism/"><strong>hedonism</strong></a> (Andrew Moore) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hegel/"><strong>Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich</strong></a> (Paul Redding)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/hegel-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Stephen Houlgate) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hegel-dialectics/"><strong>dialectics</strong></a> (Julie E. Maybee) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hegel-social-political/"><strong>social and political philosophy</strong></a> (Thom Brooks) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/heidegger/"><strong>Heidegger, Martin</strong></a> (Michael Wheeler)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/heidegger-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Iain Thomson) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> hell and heaven in Christian thought &mdash; see <a href="entries/heaven-hell/">heaven and hell in Christian thought</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hermann-helmholtz/"><strong>Helmholtz, Hermann von</strong></a> (Lydia Patton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hempel/"><strong>Hempel, Carl</strong></a> (James Fetzer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/michel-henry/"><strong>Henry, Michel</strong></a> (Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Seyler) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/henry-ghent/"><strong>Henry of Ghent</strong></a> (Pasquale Porro) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/heraclitus/"><strong>Heraclitus</strong></a> (Daniel W. Graham) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/johann-herbart/"><strong>Herbart, Johann Friedrich</strong></a> (Alan Kim) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/herder/"><strong>Herder, Johann Gottfried von</strong></a> (Michael Forster) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/heredity/"><strong>heritability</strong></a> (Stephen M. Downes and Lucas Matthews)
   <ul>
   <li> inheritance systems &mdash; see <a href="entries/inheritance-systems/">inheritance systems</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/hermeneutics/"><strong>hermeneutics</strong></a> (Theodore George) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/heytesbury/"><strong>Heytesbury, William</strong></a> (Miroslav Hanke and Elzbieta Jung) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/divine-hiddenness/"><strong>hiddenness of God</strong></a> (Daniel Howard-Snyder and Adam Green) </li>
<li> Hilbert, David
   <ul>
   <li> controversy with Frege &mdash; see <a href="entries/frege-hilbert/">Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hilbert-program/"><strong>program in the foundations of mathematics</strong></a> (Richard Zach) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Hippias &mdash; see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/history/"><strong>history, philosophy of</strong></a> (Daniel Little) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hobbes/"><strong>Hobbes, Thomas</strong></a> (Stewart Duncan)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/hobbes-moral/"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hobbes-science/"><strong>philosophy of science</strong></a> (Marcus P. Adams) </li>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/holbach/"><strong>Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d&rsquo;</strong></a> (Michael LeBuffe) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/holes/"><strong>holes</strong></a> (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/holkot/"><strong>Holkot [Holcot], Robert</strong></a> (Hester Gelber and John T. Slotemaker) </li>
<li> Home, Henry [Lord Kames] &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/homosexuality/"><strong>homosexuality</strong></a> (Brent Pickett) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sidney-hook/"><strong>Hook, Sidney</strong></a> (David Sidorsky and Robert Talisse) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hope/"><strong>hope</strong></a> (Claudia Bloeser and Titus Stahl) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/horkheimer/"><strong>Horkheimer, Max</strong></a> (J.C. Berendzen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/enhancement/"><strong>human enhancement</strong></a> (Eric Juengst and Daniel Moseley) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/human-genome/"><strong>human genome project</strong></a> (Lisa Gannett) </li>
<li> humanism
   <ul>
   <li> civic &mdash; see <a href="entries/humanism-civic/">civic humanism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/human-nature/"><strong>human nature</strong></a> (Neil Roughley) </li>
<li> human rights &mdash; see <a href="entries/rights-human/">rights: human</a> </li>
<li> human test subjects &mdash; see <a href="entries/clinical-research/">ethics, biomedical: clinical research</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wilhelm-humboldt/"><strong>Humboldt, Wilhelm von</strong></a> (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hume/"><strong>Hume, David</strong></a> (William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/hume-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Theodore Gracyk) </li>
   <li> and Kant on causality &mdash; see <a href="entries/kant-hume-causality/">Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on causality</a> </li>
   <li> and Kant on morality &mdash; see <a href="entries/kant-hume-morality/">Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hume-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Rachel Cohon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hume-newton/"><strong>Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism</strong></a> (Eric Schliesser and Tam&aacute;s Demeter) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hume-freewill/"><strong>on free will</strong></a> (Paul Russell) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hume-religion/"><strong>on religion</strong></a> (Paul Russell and Anders Kraal) </li>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> humility &mdash; see <a href="entries/modesty-humility/">modesty and humility</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/humor/"><strong>humor, philosophy of</strong></a> (John Morreall) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/husserl/"><strong>Husserl, Edmund</strong></a> (Christian Beyer) </li>
<li> Hutcheson, Francis &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hutcheson/"><strong>Hutcheson, Francis</strong></a> (Dale Dorsey)
   <ul>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Hutton, James &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> hybrid logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-hybrid/">logic: hybrid</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hyperintensionality/"><strong>hyperintensionality</strong></a> (Francesco Berto and Daniel Nolan) </li>
</ul>
<a id="i"></a>
<hr />
<h2>I <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/iamblichus/"><strong>Iamblichus</strong></a> (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-arabi/"><strong>Ibn &lsquo;Arab&icirc;</strong></a> (William Chittick) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-bajja/"><strong>Ibn B&acirc;jja [Avempace]</strong></a> (Jos&eacute;p Puig Montada) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/abraham-daud/"><strong>Ibn Daud, Abraham</strong></a> (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-ezra/"><strong>Ibn Ezra, Abraham</strong></a> (Tzvi Langermann) </li>
<li> Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov &mdash; see <a href="entries/falaquera/">Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-gabirol/"><strong>Ibn Gabirol, Solomon [Avicebron]</strong></a> (Sarah Pessin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-kammuna/"><strong>Ibn Kammuna</strong></a> (Tzvi Langermann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-rushd/"><strong>Ibn Rushd [Averroes]</strong></a> (Fouad Ben Ahmed and Robert Pasnau)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/ibn-rushd-natural/"><strong>natural philosophy</strong></a> (Jos&eacute;p Puig Montada) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina/"><strong>Ibn Sina [Avicenna]</strong></a> (Dimitri Gutas)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina-logic/"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Riccardo Strobino) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Olga Lizzini) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ibn-sina-natural/"><strong>natural philosophy</strong></a> (Jon McGinnis) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Ibn Tibbon, Samuel &mdash; see <a href="entries/tibbon/">Tibbon, Samuel Ibn</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/idealism/"><strong>idealism</strong></a> (Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/identity/"><strong>identity</strong></a> (Harold Noonan and Ben Curtis)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/identity-indiscernible/"><strong>of indiscernibles</strong></a> (Peter Forrest) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/identity-time/"><strong>over time</strong></a> (Andre Gallois) </li>
   <li> personal &mdash; see <a href="entries/identity-personal/">personal identity</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/identity-relative/"><strong>relative</strong></a> (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/identity-transworld/"><strong>transworld</strong></a> (Penelope Mackie and Mark Jago) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/identity-politics/"><strong>identity politics</strong></a> (Cressida Heyes) </li>
<li> identity theory of mind &mdash; see <a href="entries/mind-identity/">mind/brain identity theory</a> </li>
<li> ideology, law and &mdash; see <a href="entries/law-ideology/">law: and ideology</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/idiolects/"><strong>idiolects</strong></a> (Alex Barber and Eduardo Garcia Ramirez) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ikhwan-al-safa/"><strong>Ikhw&acirc;n al-Saf&acirc;&rsquo;</strong></a> (Carmela Baffioni) </li>
<li> imagery, mental &mdash; see <a href="entries/mental-imagery/">mental imagery</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/imagination/"><strong>imagination</strong></a> (Shen-yi Liao and Tamar Gendler) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/imaginative-resistance/"><strong>imaginative resistance</strong></a> (Emine Hande Tuna) </li>
<li> imitation game &mdash; see <a href="entries/turing-test/">Turing test</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/immigration/"><strong>immigration</strong></a> (Christopher Heath Wellman) </li>
<li> immortality &mdash; see <a href="entries/afterlife/">afterlife</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/immunology/"><strong>immunology, philosophy of</strong></a> (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/immutability/"><strong>immutability</strong></a> (Brian Leftow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/impartiality/"><strong>impartiality</strong></a> (Troy Jollimore) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/implicature/"><strong>implicature</strong></a> (Wayne Davis)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/implicature-optimality-games/"><strong>optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches</strong></a> (Robert van Rooij and Michael Franke) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> implicit bias &mdash; see <a href="entries/implicit-bias/">bias, implicit</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/impossible-worlds/"><strong>impossible worlds</strong></a> (Francesco Berto and Mark Jago) </li>
<li> incommensurability
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/incommensurability/"><strong>of scientific theories</strong></a> (Eric Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene) </li>
   <li> of values &mdash; see <a href="entries/value-incommensurable/">value: incommensurable</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> incomparable values &mdash; see <a href="entries/value-incommensurable/">value: incommensurable</a> </li>
<li> incompatibilism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/incompatibilism-theories/"><strong>(nondeterministic) theories of free will</strong></a> (Randolph Clarke, Justin Capes, and Philip Swenson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/incompatibilism-arguments/"><strong>arguments for</strong></a> (Kadri Vihvelin) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/indexicals/"><strong>indexicals</strong></a> (David Braun) </li>
<li> Indian Philosophy (Classical)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/concept-emotion-india/"><strong>concept of emotion</strong></a> (Joerg Tuske) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-india/"><strong>epistemology</strong></a> (Stephen Phillips) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/language-india/"><strong>language and testimony</strong></a> (Madhav Deshpande) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/literal-nonliteral-india/"><strong>literal-nonliteral distinction </strong></a> (Malcolm Keating) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-india/"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Brendan Gillon) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/naturalism-india/"><strong>naturalism</strong></a> (Amita Chatterjee) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-india/"><strong>perceptual experience and concepts</strong></a> (Monima Chadha) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/personhood-india/"><strong>personhood</strong></a> (Monima Chadha) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/methodological-individualism/"><strong>individualism, methodological</strong></a> (Joseph Heath) </li>
<li> individuals, biological &mdash; see <a href="entries/biology-individual/">biological individuals</a> </li>
<li> induction
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/induction-problem/"><strong>problem of</strong></a> (Leah Henderson) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> inductive logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-inductive/">logic: inductive</a> </li>
<li> inequality &mdash; see <a href="entries/equality/">equality</a> </li>
<li> inertial systems &mdash; see <a href="entries/spacetime-iframes/">space and time: inertial frames</a> </li>
<li> inference to the best explanation &mdash; see <a href="entries/abduction/">abduction</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/infinite-regress/"><strong>infinite regress arguments</strong></a> (Ross Cameron) </li>
<li> infinitesimals &mdash; see <a href="entries/continuity/">continuity and infinitesimals</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/infinity/"><strong>infinity</strong></a> (Kenny Easwaran, Alan H&aacute;jek, Paolo Mancosu, and Graham Oppy) </li>
<li> informal logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-informal/">logic: informal</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/information/"><strong>information</strong></a> (Pieter Adriaans)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/information-biological/"><strong>biological</strong></a> (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny) </li>
   <li> and logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-information/">logic: and information</a> </li>
   <li> quantum entanglement and &mdash; see <a href="entries/qt-entangle/">quantum theory: quantum entanglement and information</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/information-semantic/"><strong>semantic conceptions of</strong></a> (Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson and Luciano Floridi) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> information processing
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/information-entropy/"><strong>and thermodynamic entropy</strong></a> (Owen Maroney) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> information technology
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/it-moral-values/"><strong>and moral values</strong></a> (John Sullins) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/ethics-it-phenomenology/"><strong>phenomenological approaches to ethics and</strong></a> (Lucas Introna) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/it-privacy/"><strong>and privacy</strong></a> (Jeroen van den Hoven, Martijn Blaauw, Wolter Pieters, and Martijn Warnier) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/informed-consent/"><strong>informed consent</strong></a> (Nir Eyal) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ingarden/"><strong>Ingarden, Roman</strong></a> (Amie Thomasson) </li>
<li> inherence &mdash; see <a href="entries/substance/">substance</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/inheritance-systems/"><strong>inheritance systems</strong></a> (Ehud Lamm) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/innate-acquired/"><strong>innate/acquired distinction</strong></a> (Paul Griffiths and Stefan Linquist) </li>
<li> innateness
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/innateness-cognition/"><strong>and contemporary theories of cognition</strong></a> (Jerry Samet and Deborah Zaitchik) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/innateness-history/"><strong>historical controversies</strong></a> (Jerry Samet) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/innateness-language/"><strong>and language</strong></a> (Fiona Cowie) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/insolubles/"><strong>insolubles [= <em>insolubilia</em>]</strong></a> (Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read) </li>
<li> instrumental rationality &mdash; see <a href="entries/rationality-instrumental/">rationality: instrumental</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/integrity/"><strong>integrity</strong></a> (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine) </li>
<li> intelligent design, theory of &mdash; see <a href="entries/creationism/">creationism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/intensional-trans-verbs/"><strong>intensional transitive verbs</strong></a> (Graeme Forbes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/intention/"><strong>intention</strong></a> (Kieran Setiya) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/intentionality/"><strong>intentionality</strong></a> (Pierre Jacob)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/collective-intentionality/"><strong>collective</strong></a> (David P. Schweikard and Hans Bernhard Schmid) </li>
   <li> consciousness and &mdash; see <a href="entries/consciousness-intentionality/">consciousness: and intentionality</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/intentionality-ancient/"><strong>in ancient philosophy</strong></a> (Victor Caston) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/phenomenal-intentionality/"><strong>phenomenal</strong></a> (David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> internal vs. external reasons for action &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasons-internal-external/">reasons for action: internal vs. external</a> </li>
<li> internet research ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-internet-research/">ethics: internet research</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/"><strong>intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties</strong></a> (Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/introspection/"><strong>introspection</strong></a> (Eric Schwitzgebel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/intuition/"><strong>intuition</strong></a> (Joel Pust) </li>
<li> intuitionism
   <ul>
   <li> ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/intuitionism-ethics/">moral intuitionism</a> </li>
   <li> in the philosophy of mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/intuitionism/">mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> intuitionistic logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-intuitionistic/">logic: intuitionistic</a>
   <ul>
   <li> development of &mdash; see <a href="entries/intuitionistic-logic-development/">logic, history of: intuitionistic logic</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> intuitionistic type theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/type-theory-intuitionistic/">type theory: intuitionistic</a> </li>
<li> inverted qualia &mdash; see <a href="entries/qualia-inverted/">qualia: inverted</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/israeli/"><strong>Israeli, Isaac</strong></a> (Leonard Levin, R. David Walker, and Shalom Sadik) </li>
</ul>
<a id="j"></a>
<hr />
<h2>J <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/friedrich-jacobi/"><strong>Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich</strong></a> (George di Giovanni and Paolo Livieri) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/james/"><strong>James, William</strong></a> (Russell Goodman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/james-viterbo/"><strong>James of Viterbo</strong></a> (Antoine C&ocirc;t&eacute;) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/japanese-philosophy/"><strong>Japanese Philosophy</strong></a> (Thomas Kasulis)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/japanese-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Graham Parkes and Adam Loughnane) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/japanese-confucian/"><strong>Confucian</strong></a> (John Tucker) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kokugaku-school/"><strong>Kokugaku School [Native Japan Studies School]</strong></a> (Gideon Fujiwara and Peter Nosco) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kukai/"><strong>K&#363;kai</strong></a> (John Krummel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kyoto-school/"><strong>Kyoto School</strong></a> (Bret W. Davis) </li>
   <li> Nishida Kitar&#333; &mdash; see <a href="entries/nishida-kitaro/">Nishida Kitar&#333;</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/japanese-pure-land/"><strong>Pure Land</strong></a> (Dennis Hirota) </li>
   <li> Watsuji Tetsur&#333; &mdash; see <a href="entries/watsuji-tetsuro/">Watsuji Tetsur&#333;</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/japanese-zen/"><strong>Zen Buddhism</strong></a> (Shigenori Nagatomo) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/jaspers/"><strong>Jaspers, Karl</strong></a> (Chris Thornhill and Ronny Miron) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/jayaraasi/"><strong>Jayar&#257;&#347;i</strong></a> (Piotr Balcerowicz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/jefferson/"><strong>Jefferson, Thomas</strong></a> (M. Andrew Holowchak) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/william-jevons/"><strong>Jevons, William Stanley</strong></a> (Bert Mosselmans) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/john-salisbury/"><strong>John of Salisbury</strong></a> (Karen Bollermann and Cary Nederman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/emily-elizabeth-constance-jones/"><strong>Jones, Emily Elizabeth Constance</strong></a> (Gary Ostertag) </li>
<li> Judah Halevi &mdash; see <a href="entries/halevi/">Halevi, Judah</a> </li>
<li> judgment
   <ul>
   <li> aesthetic &mdash; see <a href="entries/aesthetic-judgment/">aesthetics: aesthetic judgment</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> judgment aggregation and belief merging &mdash; see <a href="entries/belief-merging/">belief merging and judgment aggregation</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/jury-theorems/"><strong>jury theorems</strong></a> (Franz Dietrich and Kai Spiekermann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/justice/"><strong>justice</strong></a> (David Miller)
   <ul>
   <li> and access to health care &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-healthcareaccess/">ethics, biomedical: justice and access to health care</a> </li>
   <li> and bad luck &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-bad-luck/">luck: justice and bad luck</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-climate/"><strong>climate</strong></a> (Simon Caney) </li>
   <li> and disability &mdash; see <a href="entries/disability-justice/">disability: and justice</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-distributive/"><strong>distributive</strong></a> (Julian Lamont and Christi Favor) </li>
   <li> distributive justice and empirical moral psychology &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-moral-psych/">distributive justice: and empirical moral psychology</a> </li>
   <li> economic &mdash; see <a href="entries/economic-justice/">economics and economic justice</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-global/"><strong>global</strong></a> (Gillian Brock) </li>
   <li> inequality and health &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-inequality-health/">ethics, biomedical: justice, inequality, and health</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-intergenerational/"><strong>intergenerational</strong></a> (Lukas Meyer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/international-justice/"><strong>international distributive</strong></a> (Michael Blake and Patrick Taylor Smith) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-retributive/"><strong>retributive</strong></a> (Alec Walen) </li>
   <li> territorial &mdash; see <a href="entries/territorial-rights/">territorial rights and justice</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-transitional/"><strong>transitional</strong></a> (Nir Eisikovits) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-virtue/"><strong>as a virtue</strong></a> (Mark LeBar) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> justification, epistemic
   <ul>
   <li> <em>a priori</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/apriori/"><em>a priori</em> justification and knowledge</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justep-coherence/"><strong>coherentist theories of</strong></a> (Erik Olsson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justep-foundational/"><strong>foundationalist theories of</strong></a> (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/justep-intext/"><strong>internalist vs. externalist conceptions of</strong></a> (George Pappas) </li>
   <li> reliabilism &mdash; see <a href="entries/reliabilism/">reliabilist epistemology</a> </li>
   <li> transmission of &mdash; see <a href="entries/transmission-justification-warrant/">transmission of justification and warrant</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> justification, political
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/justification-public/"><strong>public</strong></a> (Kevin Vallier) </li>
   </ul></li>
</ul>
<a id="k"></a>
<hr />
<h2>K <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> Kant
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-transcendental-idealism/"><strong>transcendental idealism</strong></a> (Nicholas F. Stang) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/kant/"><strong>Kant, Immanuel</strong></a> (Michael Rohlf)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-reason/"><strong>account of reason</strong></a> (Garrath Williams) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics and teleology</strong></a> (Hannah Ginsborg) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-conceptualism/"><strong>conceptualism/nonconceptualism</strong></a> (Colin McLear) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-metaphysics/"><strong>critique of metaphysics</strong></a> (Michelle Grier) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-hume-causality/"><strong>and Hume on causality</strong></a> (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-hume-morality/"><strong>and Hume on morality</strong></a> (Eric Entrican Wilson and Lara Denis) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-leibniz/"><strong>and Leibniz</strong></a> (Catherine Wilson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Robert Johnson and Adam Cureton) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-development/"><strong>philosophical development</strong></a> (Martin Sch&ouml;nfeld and Michael Thompson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-mathematics/"><strong>philosophy of mathematics</strong></a> (Lisa Shabel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-religion/"><strong>philosophy of religion</strong></a> (Lawrence Pasternack and Courtney Fugate) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-science/"><strong>philosophy of science</strong></a> (Eric Watkins and Marius Stan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-social-political/"><strong>social and political philosophy</strong></a> (Frederick Rauscher) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-judgment/"><strong>theory of judgment</strong></a> (Robert Hanna) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-transcendental/"><strong>transcendental arguments</strong></a> (Derk Pereboom) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-mind/"><strong>view of mind and consciousness of self</strong></a> (Andrew Brook and Julian Wuerth) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kant-spacetime/"><strong>views on space and time</strong></a> (Andrew Janiak) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/kaspi-joseph/"><strong>Kaspi, Joseph</strong></a> (Hannah Kasher and Moshe Kahan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/kepler/"><strong>Kepler, Johannes</strong></a> (Daniel A. Di Liscia) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/kierkegaard/"><strong>Kierkegaard, S&oslash;ren</strong></a> (William McDonald) </li>
<li> killing vs. letting die &mdash; see <a href="entries/doing-allowing/">doing vs. allowing harm</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/kilvington/"><strong>Kilvington, Richard</strong></a> (Elzbieta Jung) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/robert-kilwardby/"><strong>Kilwardby, Robert</strong></a> (Jos&eacute; Filipe Silva) </li>
<li> knowledge
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/knowledge-analysis/"><strong>analysis of</strong></a> (Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and Matthias Steup) </li>
   <li> <em>a priori</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/apriori/"><em>a priori</em> justification and knowledge</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/knowledge-acquaindescrip/"><strong>by acquaintance vs. description</strong></a> (Ali Hasan and Richard Fumerton) </li>
   <li> self- &mdash; see <a href="entries/self-knowledge/">self-knowledge</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/knowledge-value/"><strong>knowledge, value of</strong></a> (Duncan Pritchard, John Turri, and J. Adam Carter) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/knowledge-how/"><strong>knowledge how</strong></a> (Carlotta Pavese) </li>
<li> Kochen-Specker theorem &mdash; see <a href="entries/kochen-specker/">quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem</a> </li>
<li> Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School &mdash; see <a href="entries/kokugaku-school/">Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/korean-philosophy/"><strong>Korean Philosophy</strong></a> (Halla Kim)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/korean-confucianism/"><strong>Confucianism</strong></a> (Kevin N. Cawley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/thomas-kuhn/"><strong>Kuhn, Thomas</strong></a> (Alexander Bird) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/kumaarila/"><strong>Kum&#257;rila</strong></a> (Daniel Arnold) </li>
<li> K&#363;kai &mdash; see <a href="entries/kukai/">Japanese Philosophy: K&#363;kai</a> </li>
</ul>
<a id="l"></a>
<hr />
<h2>L <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/lacan/"><strong>Lacan, Jacques</strong></a> (Adrian Johnston) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/la-forge/"><strong>La Forge, Louis de</strong></a> (Andrea Sangiacomo and Desmond Clarke) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lakatos/"><strong>Lakatos, Imre</strong></a> (Alan Musgrave and Charles Pigden) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lambda-calculus/"><strong>lambda calculus, the</strong></a> (Jesse Alama and Johannes Korbmacher) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/friedrich-lange/"><strong>Lange, Friedrich Albert</strong></a> (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain and Lydia Patton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/language-thought/"><strong>language of thought hypothesis</strong></a> (Michael Rescorla) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/laozi/"><strong>Laozi</strong></a> (Alan Chan) </li>
<li> large cardinals and determinacy &mdash; see <a href="entries/large-cardinals-determinacy/">set theory: large cardinals and determinacy</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/latin-american-philosophy/"><strong>Latin American Philosophy</strong></a> (Jorge Gracia and Manuel Vargas)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/latin-american-analytic/"><strong>analytic philosophy in</strong></a> (Diana Ines Perez) </li>
   <li> epistemology &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemology-latin-america/">epistemology: in Latin America</a> </li>
   <li> feminism &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-latin-america/">feminist philosophy, approaches: Latin American feminism</a> </li>
   <li> liberalism &mdash; see <a href="entries/liberalism-latin-america/">liberalism: in Latin America</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/latin-american-metaphilosophy/"><strong>metaphilosophical foundations</strong></a> (Susana Nuccetelli) </li>
   <li> philosophy of science &mdash; see <a href="entries/phil-science-latin-america/">philosophy of science: in Latin America</a> </li>
   <li> skepticism &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism-latin-america/">skepticism: in Latin America</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/latinx/"><strong>Latinx Philosophy</strong></a> (Manuel Vargas) </li>
<li> law
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/law-ideology/"><strong>and ideology</strong></a> (Christine Sypnowich) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/law-language/"><strong>and language</strong></a> (Timothy Endicott) </li>
   <li> limits of &mdash; see <a href="entries/law-limits/">limits of law</a> </li>
   <li> nature of &mdash; see <a href="entries/natural-law-theories/">nature of law: natural law theories</a> </li>
   <li> rule of &mdash; see <a href="entries/rule-of-law/">rule of law and procedural fairness</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/laws-of-nature/"><strong>laws of nature</strong></a> (John W. Carroll)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/ceteris-paribus/"><strong><em>ceteris paribus</em></strong></a> (Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz, Andreas H&uuml;ttemann, and Siegfried Jaag) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/perceptual-learning/"><strong>learning, perceptual</strong></a> (Kevin Connolly) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/learning-formal/"><strong>learning theory, formal</strong></a> (Oliver Schulte) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lefevre-etaples/"><strong>Lef&egrave;vre d&rsquo;&Eacute;taples, Jacques</strong></a> (Richard J. Oosterhoff) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/legal-interpretation/"><strong>legal interpretation</strong></a> (Mark Greenberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/legal-obligation/"><strong>legal obligation and authority</strong></a> (Leslie Green) </li>
<li> legal philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/legal-econanalysis/"><strong>economic analysis of law</strong></a> (Lewis Kornhauser) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> legal positivism &mdash; see <a href="entries/legal-positivism/">nature of law: legal positivism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/legal-probabilism/"><strong>legal probabilism</strong></a> (Rafal Urbaniak and Marcello Di Bello) </li>
<li> legal punishment &mdash; see <a href="entries/legal-punishment/">punishment, legal</a> </li>
<li> legal reasoning
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/legal-reas-interpret/"><strong>interpretation and coherence in</strong></a> (Julie Dickson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/legal-reas-prec/"><strong>precedent and analogy in</strong></a> (Grant Lamond) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/legal-rights/"><strong>legal rights</strong></a> (Kenneth Campbell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/legitimacy/"><strong>legitimacy, political</strong></a> (Fabienne Peter) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/legrand/"><strong>Le Grand, Antoine</strong></a> (Patricia Easton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/leibniz/"><strong>Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm</strong></a> (Brandon C. Look)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Andrew Youpa) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-exoteric/"><strong>Exoteric Philosophy</strong></a> (John Whipple) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-logic-influence/"><strong>influence on 19th century logic</strong></a> (Volker Peckhaus) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-modal/"><strong>modal metaphysics</strong></a> (Brandon C. Look) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-causation/"><strong>on causation</strong></a> (Marc Bobro) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-evil/"><strong>on the problem of evil</strong></a> (Michael J. Murray and Sean Greenberg) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-mind/"><strong>philosophy of mind</strong></a> (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/leibniz-physics/"><strong>philosophy of physics</strong></a> (Jeffrey K. McDonough) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/leibowitz-yeshayahu/"><strong>Leibowitz, Yeshayahu</strong></a> (Daniel Rynhold) </li>
<li> Leone Ebreo &mdash; see <a href="entries/abrabanel/">Abrabanel, Judah</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lesniewski/"><strong>Le&#347;niewski, Stanis&#322;aw</strong></a> (Peter Simons) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/leucippus/"><strong>Leucippus</strong></a> (Sylvia Berryman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/levels-org-biology/"><strong>levels of organization in biology</strong></a> (Markus I. Eronen and Daniel Stephen Brooks) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/levinas/"><strong>Levinas, Emmanuel</strong></a> (Bettina Bergo) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lewis-ci/"><strong>Lewis, Clarence Irving</strong></a> (Bruce Hunter) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/david-lewis/"><strong>Lewis, David</strong></a> (Brian Weatherson)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/lewis-metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Ned Hall, Brian Rabern, and Wolfgang Schwarz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/liar-paradox/"><strong>liar paradox</strong></a> (Jc Beall, Michael Glanzberg, and David Ripley) </li>
<li> liberal feminism &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-liberal/">feminist philosophy, interventions: liberal feminism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/liberalism/"><strong>liberalism</strong></a> (Gerald Gaus, Shane D. Courtland, and David Schmidtz)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/liberalism-latin-america/"><strong>in Latin America</strong></a> (Faviola Rivera) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/liberation/"><strong>liberation, philosophy of</strong></a> (Eduardo Mendieta) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/libertarianism/"><strong>libertarianism</strong></a> (Bas van der Vossen) </li>
<li> liberty
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/liberty-positive-negative/"><strong>positive and negative</strong></a> (Ian Carter) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/life/"><strong>life</strong></a> (Carlos Mariscal)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/life-meaning/"><strong>meaning of</strong></a> (Thaddeus Metz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> lifeworld &mdash; see <a href="entries/husserl/">Husserl, Edmund</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/law-limits/"><strong>limits of law</strong></a> (John Stanton-Ife) </li>
<li> linear logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-linear/">logic: linear</a> </li>
<li> linguistics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/computational-linguistics/"><strong>computational</strong></a> (Lenhart Schubert) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/linguistics/"><strong>philosophy of</strong></a> (Barbara C. Scholz, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, and Geoffrey K. Pullum) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/justus-lipsius/"><strong>Lipsius, Justus</strong></a> (Jan Papy) </li>
<li> living wills &mdash; see <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/llull/"><strong>Llull, Ramon</strong></a> (Ernesto Priani) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/location-mereology/"><strong>location and mereology</strong></a> (Cody Gilmore) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/alain-locke/"><strong>Locke, Alain LeRoy</strong></a> (Jacoby Adeshei Carter) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/locke/"><strong>Locke, John</strong></a> (William Uzgalis)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/locke-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Patricia Sheridan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/locke-freedom/"><strong>on freedom</strong></a> (Samuel Rickless) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/locke-personal-identity/"><strong>on personal identity</strong></a> (Jessica Gordon-Roth) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/real-essence/"><strong>on real essence</strong></a> (Jan-Erik Jones) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/locke-philosophy-science/"><strong>philosophy of science</strong></a> (Hylarie Kochiras) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/locke-political/"><strong>political philosophy</strong></a> (Alex Tuckness) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> logic
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-action/"><strong>action</strong></a> (Krister Segerberg, John-Jules Meyer, and Marcus Kracht) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-algebraic-propositional/"><strong>algebraic propositional</strong></a> (Ramon Jansana) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-ancient/"><strong>ancient</strong></a> (Susanne Bobzien) </li>
   <li> and artificial intelligence &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-ai/">artificial intelligence: logic and</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-belief-revision/"><strong>of belief revision</strong></a> (Sven Ove Hansson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-classical/"><strong>classical</strong></a> (Stewart Shapiro and Teresa Kouri Kissel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-combinatory/"><strong>combinatory</strong></a> (Katalin Bimb&oacute;) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-combining/"><strong>combining</strong></a> (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-conditionals/"><strong>conditionals</strong></a> (Paul Egr&eacute; and Hans Rott) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-connexive/"><strong>connexive</strong></a> (Heinrich Wansing) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-deontic/"><strong>deontic</strong></a> (Paul McNamara and Frederik Van De Putte) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-dependence/"><strong>dependence</strong></a> (Pietro Galliani) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-dialogical/"><strong>dialogical</strong></a> (Laurent Keiff) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/dynamic-epistemic/"><strong>dynamic epistemic</strong></a> (Alexandru Baltag and Bryan Renne) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-epistemic/"><strong>epistemic</strong></a> (Rasmus Rendsvig and John Symons) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logics-for-games/"><strong>for analyzing games</strong></a> (Johan van Benthem and Dominik Klein) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-power-games/"><strong>for analyzing power in normal form games</strong></a> (Paolo Turrini) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-free/"><strong>free</strong></a> (John Nolt) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-fuzzy/"><strong>fuzzy</strong></a> (Petr Cintula, Christian G. Ferm&uuml;ller, and Carles Noguera) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-games/"><strong>and games</strong></a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Jouko V&auml;&auml;n&auml;nen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-hybrid/"><strong>hybrid</strong></a> (Torben Bra&uuml;ner) </li>
   <li> in classical Indian philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-india/">Indian Philosophy (Classical): logic</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-if/"><strong>independence friendly</strong></a> (Tero Tulenheimo) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-inductive/"><strong>inductive</strong></a> (James Hawthorne) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-infinitary/"><strong>infinitary</strong></a> (John L. Bell) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-informal/"><strong>informal</strong></a> (Leo Groarke) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-information/"><strong>and information</strong></a> (Maricarmen Martinez and Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-intensional/"><strong>intensional</strong></a> (Melvin Fitting) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-intuitionistic/"><strong>intuitionistic</strong></a> (Joan Moschovakis) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-justification/"><strong>justification</strong></a> (Sergei Artemov and Melvin Fitting) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-linear/"><strong>linear</strong></a> (Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-manyvalued/"><strong>many-valued</strong></a> (Siegfried Gottwald) </li>
   <li> of mass expressions &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-massexpress/">mass expressions: logic of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-modal/"><strong>modal</strong></a> (James Garson) </li>
   <li> natural deduction systems in &mdash; see <a href="entries/natural-deduction/">natural deduction systems in logic</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-nonmonotonic/"><strong>non-monotonic</strong></a> (Christian Strasser and G. Aldo Antonelli) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-paraconsistent/"><strong>paraconsistent</strong></a> (Graham Priest, Koji Tanaka, and Zach Weber) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-probability/"><strong>and probability</strong></a> (Lorenz Demey, Barteld Kooi, and Joshua Sack) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-dynamic/"><strong>propositional dynamic</strong></a> (Nicolas Troquard and Philippe Balbiani) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-provability/"><strong>provability</strong></a> (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-relevance/"><strong>relevance</strong></a> (Edwin Mares) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-higher-order/"><strong>second-order and higher-order</strong></a> (Jouko V&auml;&auml;n&auml;nen) </li>
   <li> sentence connectives in &mdash; see <a href="entries/connectives-logic/">connectives: sentence connectives in formal logic</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-substructural/"><strong>substructural</strong></a> (Greg Restall) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-temporal/"><strong>temporal</strong></a> (Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> logic, history of
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-firstorder-emergence/"><strong>first-order logic</strong></a> (William Ewald) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/intuitionistic-logic-development/"><strong>intuitionistic logic</strong></a> (Mark van Atten) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-modal-origins/"><strong>modal logic</strong></a> (Roberta Ballarin) </li>
   <li> proof theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/proof-theory-development/">proof theory: development of</a> </li>
   <li> set theory, early &mdash; see <a href="entries/settheory-early/">set theory: early development</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/logic-normative/"><strong>logic, normative status of</strong></a> (Florian Steinberger) </li>
<li> logical atomism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/logical-atomism/"><strong>Russell&rsquo;s</strong></a> (Kevin Klement) </li>
   <li> Wittgenstein&rsquo;s &mdash; see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-atomism/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: logical atomism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/logical-consequence/"><strong>logical consequence</strong></a> (Jc Beall, Greg Restall, and Gil Sagi)
   <ul>
   <li> algebraic propositional logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-algebraic-propositional/">logic: algebraic propositional</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/logical-constants/"><strong>logical constants</strong></a> (John MacFarlane) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logical-construction/"><strong>logical constructions</strong></a> (Bernard Linsky) </li>
<li> logical empiricism &mdash; see <a href="entries/logical-empiricism/">empiricism: logical</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logical-form/"><strong>logical form</strong></a> (Paul Pietroski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logical-pluralism/"><strong>logical pluralism</strong></a> (Gillian Russell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logical-truth/"><strong>logical truth</strong></a> (Mario G&oacute;mez-Torrente) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logic-ontology/"><strong>logic and ontology</strong></a> (Thomas Hofweber) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/logicism/"><strong>logicism and neologicism</strong></a> (Neil Tennant) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/hermann-lotze/"><strong>Lotze, Hermann</strong></a> (David Sullivan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/love/"><strong>love</strong></a> (Bennett Helm) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/loyalty/"><strong>loyalty</strong></a> (John Kleinig) </li>
<li> luck
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/justice-bad-luck/"><strong>justice and bad luck</strong></a> (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-luck/"><strong>moral</strong></a> (Dana K. Nelkin) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/lucretius/"><strong>Lucretius</strong></a> (David Sedley) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lukacs/"><strong>Luk&aacute;cs, Georg [Gy&ouml;rgy]</strong></a> (Titus Stahl) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lukasiewicz/"><strong>&#321;ukasiewicz, Jan</strong></a> (Peter Simons) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/luther/"><strong>Luther, Martin</strong></a> (Robert Stern)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/luther-influence/"><strong>influence on philosophy</strong></a> (Robert Stern) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/lvov-warsaw/"><strong>Lvov-Warsaw School</strong></a> (Jan Wole&#324;ski) </li>
<li> lying and deception
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/lying-definition/"><strong>definition of</strong></a> (James Edwin Mahon) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/lyotard/"><strong>Lyotard, Jean Fran&ccedil;ois</strong></a> (Peter Gratton) </li>
</ul>
<a id="m"></a>
<hr />
<h2>M <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/catharine-macaulay/"><strong>Macaulay, Catharine</strong></a> (Karen Green) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ernst-mach/"><strong>Mach, Ernst</strong></a> (Paul Pojman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/machiavelli/"><strong>Machiavelli, Niccol&ograve;</strong></a> (Cary Nederman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/macroevolution/"><strong>macroevolution, philosophy of</strong></a> (Derek Turner and Joyce C. Havstad) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/madhyamaka/"><strong>Madhyamaka</strong></a> (Richard Hayes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/maimon/"><strong>Maimon, Salomon</strong></a> (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Y. Melamed) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/maimonides/"><strong>Maimonides</strong></a> (Kenneth Seeskin)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/maimonides-islamic/"><strong>the influence of Islamic thought on</strong></a> (Sarah Pessin) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/malebranche/"><strong>Malebranche, Nicolas</strong></a> (Tad Schmaltz)
   <ul>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/malebranche-ideas/"><strong>theory of ideas and vision in God</strong></a> (Lawrence Nolan) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mally/"><strong>Mally, Ernst</strong></a> (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/mally-deontic/"><strong>deontic logic</strong></a> (Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-manipulation/"><strong>manipulation, ethics of</strong></a> (Robert Noggle) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/problem-of-many/"><strong>many, problem of</strong></a> (Brian Weatherson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marcel/"><strong>Marcel, Gabriel (-Honor&eacute;)</strong></a> (Brian Treanor and Brendan Sweetman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marcus-aurelius/"><strong>Marcus Aurelius</strong></a> (Rachana Kamtekar) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marcuse/"><strong>Marcuse, Herbert</strong></a> (Arnold Farr) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lucrezia-marinella/"><strong>Marinella, Lucrezia</strong></a> (Marguerite Deslauriers) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/maritain/"><strong>Maritain, Jacques</strong></a> (William Sweet) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/markets/"><strong>markets</strong></a> (Lisa Herzog) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marriage/"><strong>marriage and domestic partnership</strong></a> (Elizabeth Brake) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marsilius-inghen/"><strong>Marsilius of Inghen</strong></a> (Maarten Hoenen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marty/"><strong>Marty, Anton</strong></a> (Robin Rollinger and Hynek Janousek) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/marx/"><strong>Marx, Karl</strong></a> (Jonathan Wolff and David Leopold) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lady-masham/"><strong>Masham, Lady Damaris</strong></a> (Sarah Hutton) </li>
<li> mass/energy equivalence &mdash; see <a href="entries/equivME/">equivalence of mass and energy</a> </li>
<li> mass expressions
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/logic-massexpress/"><strong>logic of</strong></a> (David Nicolas) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/metaphysics-massexpress/"><strong>metaphysics of</strong></a> (Mark Steen) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/material-constitution/"><strong>material constitution</strong></a> (Ryan Wasserman) </li>
<li> materialism &mdash; see <a href="entries/physicalism/">physicalism</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/materialism-eliminative/"><strong>eliminative</strong></a> (William Ramsey) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> mathematical style &mdash; see <a href="entries/mathematical-style/">style: in mathematics</a> </li>
<li> mathematics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-constructive/"><strong>constructive</strong></a> (Douglas Bridges and Erik Palmgren) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-explanation/"><strong>explanation in</strong></a> (Paolo Mancosu) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-inconsistent/"><strong>inconsistent</strong></a> (Chris Mortensen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mathematics-nondeductive/"><strong>non-deductive methods in</strong></a> (Alan Baker) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> mathematics, foundations of
   <ul>
   <li> Dedekind&rsquo;s contributions to &mdash; see <a href="entries/dedekind-foundations/">Dedekind, Richard: contributions to the foundations of mathematics</a> </li>
   <li> Hilbert&rsquo;s program &mdash; see <a href="entries/hilbert-program/">Hilbert, David: program in the foundations of mathematics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/philosophy-mathematics/"><strong>mathematics, philosophy of</strong></a> (Leon Horsten)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/fictionalism-mathematics/"><strong>fictionalism</strong></a> (Mark Balaguer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/formalism-mathematics/"><strong>formalism</strong></a> (Alan Weir) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mathphil-indis/"><strong>indispensability arguments in the</strong></a> (Mark Colyvan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/intuitionism/"><strong>intuitionism</strong></a> (Rosalie Iemhoff) </li>
   <li> Kant &mdash; see <a href="entries/kant-mathematics/">Kant, Immanuel: philosophy of mathematics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/naturalism-mathematics/"><strong>naturalism</strong></a> (Alexander Paseau) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/nominalism-mathematics/"><strong>nominalism</strong></a> (Ot&aacute;vio Bueno) </li>
   <li> Platonism &mdash; see <a href="entries/platonism-mathematics/">Platonism: in the philosophy of mathematics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/structuralism-mathematics/"><strong>structuralism</strong></a> (Erich Reck and Georg Schiemer) </li>
   <li> Wittgenstein &mdash; see <a href="entries/wittgenstein-mathematics/">Wittgenstein, Ludwig: philosophy of mathematics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mctaggart/"><strong>McTaggart, John M. E.</strong></a> (Kris McDaniel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mead/"><strong>Mead, George Herbert</strong></a> (Mitchell Aboulafia) </li>
<li> meaning
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/meaning-normativity/"><strong>normativity of</strong></a> (Kathrin Gl&uuml;er and &Aring;sa Wikforss) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/word-meaning/"><strong>of words</strong></a> (Luca Gasparri and Diego Marconi) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/meaning/"><strong>meaning, theories of</strong></a> (Jeff Speaks) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/meaning-holism/"><strong>meaning holism</strong></a> (Henry Jackman) </li>
<li> means, treating persons as &mdash; see <a href="entries/persons-means/">treating persons as means</a> </li>
<li> measurement
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/measurement-science/"><strong>in science</strong></a> (Eran Tal) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/science-mechanisms/"><strong>mechanism in science</strong></a> (Carl Craver and James Tabery) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/medicine/"><strong>medicine, philosophy of</strong></a> (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny) </li>
<li> medicine: Chinese philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/chinese-phil-medicine/">Chinese Philosophy: Chinese medicine</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/medieval-philosophy/"><strong>medieval philosophy</strong></a> (Paul Vincent Spade)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-literary/"><strong>literary forms of</strong></a> (Eileen Sweeney) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> medieval theories of
   <ul>
   <li> analogy &mdash; see <a href="entries/analogy-medieval/">analogy: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> categories &mdash; see <a href="entries/medieval-categories/">categories: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> causation &mdash; see <a href="entries/causation-medieval/">causation: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> conscience &mdash; see <a href="entries/conscience-medieval/">conscience: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> consequence &mdash; see <a href="entries/consequence-medieval/">consequence, medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> demonstration &mdash; see <a href="entries/demonstration-medieval/">demonstration: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/medieval-emotions/">emotion: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> future contingents &mdash; see <a href="entries/medieval-futcont/">future contingents: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> haecceity &mdash; see <a href="entries/medieval-haecceity/">haecceity: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> mental representation &mdash; see <a href="entries/representation-medieval/">mental representation: in medieval philosophy</a> </li>
   <li> modality &mdash; see <a href="entries/modality-medieval/">modality: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> <em>obligationes</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/obligationes/"><em>obligationes</em>, medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> practical reason &mdash; see <a href="entries/practical-reason-med/">practical reason: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> properties of terms &mdash; see <a href="entries/medieval-terms/">terms, properties of: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> relations &mdash; see <a href="entries/relations-medieval/">relations: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> singular terms &mdash; see <a href="entries/singular-terms-medieval/">singular terms: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> syllogism &mdash; see <a href="entries/medieval-syllogism/">syllogism: medieval theories of</a> </li>
   <li> transcendentals &mdash; see <a href="entries/transcendentals-medieval/">transcendentals, medieval theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/meinong/"><strong>Meinong, Alexius</strong></a> (Johann Marek) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/meister-eckhart/"><strong>Meister Eckhart</strong></a> (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/memory/"><strong>memory</strong></a> (Kourken Michaelian and John Sutton)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/memory-episprob/"><strong>epistemological problems of</strong></a> (Thomas D. Senor) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mencius/"><strong>Mencius</strong></a> (Bryan Van Norden) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mendelssohn/"><strong>Mendelssohn, Moses</strong></a> (Daniel Dahlstrom) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mental-causation/"><strong>mental causation</strong></a> (David Robb and John Heil) </li>
<li> mental content
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/content-causal/"><strong>causal theories of</strong></a> (Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa) </li>
   <li> externalism about the mind &mdash; see <a href="entries/content-externalism/">externalism about the mind</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/content-narrow/"><strong>narrow</strong></a> (Curtis Brown) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/content-nonconceptual/"><strong>nonconceptual</strong></a> (Jos&eacute; Berm&uacute;dez and Arnon Cahen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/content-teleological/"><strong>teleological theories of</strong></a> (Karen Neander and Peter Schulte) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mental-disorder/"><strong>mental disorder</strong></a> (Jennifer Radden) </li>
<li> mental illness &mdash; see <a href="entries/mental-disorder/">mental disorder</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mental-imagery/"><strong>mental imagery</strong></a> (Bence Nanay) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mental-representation/"><strong>mental representation</strong></a> (David Pitt)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/representation-medieval/"><strong>in medieval philosophy</strong></a> (Henrik Lagerlund) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mereology/"><strong>mereology</strong></a> (Achille Varzi)
   <ul>
   <li> and location &mdash; see <a href="entries/location-mereology/">location and mereology</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mereology-medieval/"><strong>medieval</strong></a> (Andrew Arlig) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/merleau-ponty/"><strong>Merleau-Ponty, Maurice</strong></a> (Ted Toadvine) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mersenne/"><strong>Mersenne, Marin</strong></a> (Philippe Hamou) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/metaethics/"><strong>metaethics</strong></a> (Geoff Sayre-McCord) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/metaphor/"><strong>metaphor</strong></a> (David Hills) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/metaphysical-explanation/"><strong>metaphysical explanation</strong></a> (Andrew Brenner, Anna-Sofia Maurin, Alexander Skiles, Robin Stenwall, and Naomi Thompson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/metaphysics/"><strong>metaphysics</strong></a> (Peter van Inwagen and Meghan Sullivan) </li>
<li> metaphysics in the 16th century
   <ul>
   <li> Francisco Su&aacute;rez &mdash; see <a href="entries/suarez/">Su&aacute;rez, Francisco</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/holism-social/"><strong>methodological holism in the social sciences</strong></a> (Julie Zahle) </li>
<li> Mexico
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-mexico/"><strong>philosophy in</strong></a> (Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez, Jr.) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/microbiology/"><strong>microbiology, philosophy of</strong></a> (Maureen A. O&rsquo;Malley and Emily C. Parke) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/harriet-mill/"><strong>Mill, Harriet Taylor</strong></a> (Dale E. Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/james-mill/"><strong>Mill, James</strong></a> (Terence Ball and Antis Loizides) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mill/"><strong>Mill, John Stuart</strong></a> (Christopher Macleod)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/mill-moral-political/"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (David Brink) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> mind
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/computational-mind/"><strong>computational theory of</strong></a> (Michael Rescorla) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/mind-indian-buddhism/"><strong>in Indian Buddhist Philosophy</strong></a> (Christian Coseru) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/modularity-mind/"><strong>modularity of</strong></a> (Philip Robbins) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mind-identity/"><strong>mind/brain identity theory</strong></a> (J. J. C. Smart) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/miracles/"><strong>miracles</strong></a> (Timothy McGrew) </li>
<li> modal epistemology &mdash; see <a href="entries/modality-epistemology/">modality: epistemology of</a> </li>
<li> modality
   <ul>
   <li> Descartes and &mdash; see <a href="entries/descartes-modal/">Descartes, Ren&eacute;: modal metaphysics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/modality-epistemology/"><strong>epistemology of</strong></a> (Antonella Mallozzi, Anand Vaidya, and Michael Wallner) </li>
   <li> impossible worlds &mdash; see <a href="entries/impossible-worlds/">impossible worlds</a> </li>
   <li> Leibniz and &mdash; see <a href="entries/leibniz-modal/">Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: modal metaphysics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/modality-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Simo Knuuttila) </li>
   <li> metaphysics of &mdash; see <a href="entries/actualism/">actualism</a> </li>
   <li> modal fictionalism &mdash; see <a href="entries/fictionalism-modal/">fictionalism: modal</a> </li>
   <li> necessary and sufficient conditions &mdash; see <a href="entries/necessary-sufficient/">necessary and sufficient conditions</a> </li>
   <li> possible objects &mdash; see <a href="entries/possible-objects/">possible objects</a> </li>
   <li> possible worlds &mdash; see <a href="entries/possible-worlds/">possible worlds</a> </li>
   <li> Spinoza and &mdash; see <a href="entries/spinoza-modal/">Spinoza, Baruch: modal metaphysics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/modality-varieties/"><strong>varieties of</strong></a> (Boris Kment) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> modal logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-modal/">logic: modal</a>
   <ul>
   <li> modern origins &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-modal-origins/">logic, history of: modal logic</a> </li>
   <li> philosophical aspects of multi-modal logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/phil-multimodallogic/">multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/models-science/"><strong>models in science</strong></a> (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/model-theory/"><strong>model theory</strong></a> (Wilfrid Hodges)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/modeltheory-fo/"><strong>first-order</strong></a> (Wilfrid Hodges and Thomas Scanlon) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/modesty-humility/"><strong>modesty and humility</strong></a> (Nicolas Bommarito) </li>
<li> Mohism &mdash; see <a href="entries/mohism/">Chinese Philosophy: Mohism</a> </li>
<li> Mohist Canons &mdash; see <a href="entries/mohist-canons/">Chinese Philosophy: Mohist Canons</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/molecular-biology/"><strong>molecular biology</strong></a> (James Tabery, Monika Piotrowska, and Lindley Darden) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/molyneux-problem/"><strong>Molyneux&rsquo;s problem</strong></a> (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/money-finance/"><strong>money and finance, philosophy of</strong></a> (Boudewijn de Bruin, Lisa Herzog, Martin O&rsquo;Neill, and Joakim Sandberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/monism/"><strong>monism</strong></a> (Jonathan Schaffer)
   <ul>
   <li> anomalous &mdash; see <a href="entries/anomalous-monism/">anomalous monism</a> </li>
   <li> neutral &mdash; see <a href="entries/neutral-monism/">neutral monism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/russellian-monism/"><strong>Russellian</strong></a> (Torin Alter and Derk Pereboom) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/monotheism/"><strong>monotheism</strong></a> (William Wainwright) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/montaigne/"><strong>Montaigne, Michel de</strong></a> (Marc Foglia and Emiliano Ferrari) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/montesquieu/"><strong>Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de</strong></a> (Hilary Bok) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moore/"><strong>Moore, George Edward</strong></a> (Tom Baldwin)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moore-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Thomas Hurka) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-anti-realism/"><strong>moral anti-realism</strong></a> (Richard Joyce) </li>
<li> moral character &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-character/">character, moral</a> </li>
<li> moral cognition, psychology of &mdash; see <a href="entries/psychology-normative-cognition/">normative cognition, psychology of</a> </li>
<li> moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-cognitivism/">cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-dilemmas/"><strong>moral dilemmas</strong></a> (Terrance McConnell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/disagreement-moral/"><strong>moral disagreement</strong></a> (Folke Tersman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-epistemology/"><strong>moral epistemology</strong></a> (Richmond Campbell)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-epistemology-a-priori/"><strong>a priorism in</strong></a> (Michael DePaul and Amelia Hicks) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> moral generalism &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-particularism-generalism/">moral particularism: and moral generalism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/intuitionism-ethics/"><strong>moral intuitionism</strong></a> (Philip Stratton-Lake) </li>
<li> morality
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/morality-biology/"><strong>and evolutionary biology</strong></a> (William FitzPatrick) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/morality-definition/"><strong>morality, definition of</strong></a> (Bernard Gert and Joshua Gert) </li>
<li> moral luck &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-luck/">luck: moral</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-motivation/"><strong>moral motivation</strong></a> (Connie S. Rosati) </li>
<li> moral naturalism &mdash; see <a href="entries/naturalism-moral/">naturalism: moral</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-non-naturalism/"><strong>moral non-naturalism</strong></a> (Michael Ridge) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-particularism/"><strong>moral particularism</strong></a> (Jonathan Dancy)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-particularism-generalism/"><strong>and moral generalism</strong></a> (Michael Ridge and Sean McKeever) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> moral phenomenology &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-phenomenology/">phenomenology: moral</a> </li>
<li> moral psychology
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-psych-emp/"><strong>empirical approaches</strong></a> (John Doris, Stephen Stich, Jonathan Phillips, and Lachlan Walmsley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-realism/"><strong>moral realism</strong></a> (Geoff Sayre-McCord) </li>
<li> moral reasoning &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/">reasoning: moral</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-relativism/"><strong>moral relativism</strong></a> (Chris Gowans) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-responsibility/"><strong>moral responsibility</strong></a> (Matthew Talbert)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-responsibility-epistemic/"><strong>the epistemic condition</strong></a> (Fernando Rudy-Hiller) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/alternative-possibilities/"><strong>principle of alternative possibilities</strong></a> (David Robb) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/moral-sentimentalism/"><strong>moral sentimentalism</strong></a> (Antti Kauppinen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/skepticism-moral/"><strong>moral skepticism</strong></a> (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) </li>
<li> moral status
   <ul>
   <li> of animals &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-animal/">animals, moral status of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/grounds-moral-status/"><strong>moral status, grounds of</strong></a> (Agnieszka Jaworska and Julie Tannenbaum) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/henry-more/"><strong>More, Henry</strong></a> (John Henry) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/thomas-more/"><strong>More, Thomas</strong></a> (Dominic Baker-Smith) </li>
<li> motivation
   <ul>
   <li> moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-motivation/">moral motivation</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/mulla-sadra/"><strong>Mulla Sadra</strong></a> (Sajjad Rizvi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/phil-multimodallogic/"><strong>multi-modal logic, philosophical aspects of</strong></a> (Sonja Smets and Fernando Vel&aacute;zquez-Quesada) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/multiculturalism/"><strong>multiculturalism</strong></a> (Sarah Song) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/multiple-realizability/"><strong>multiple realizability</strong></a> (John Bickle) </li>
<li> music
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/hist-westphilmusic-to-1800/"><strong>history of western philosophy of, antiquity to 1800</strong></a> (Matteo Ravasio) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/hist-westphilmusic-since-1800/"><strong>history of western philosophy of, since 1800</strong></a> (Matteo Ravasio) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/music/"><strong>music, philosophy of</strong></a> (Andrew Kania) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mysticism/"><strong>mysticism</strong></a> (Jerome Gellman) </li>
<li> myths, Plato&rsquo;s &mdash; see <a href="entries/plato-myths/">Plato: myths</a> </li>
</ul>
<a id="n"></a>
<hr />
<h2>N <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/nagarjuna/"><strong>N&#257;g&#257;rjuna</strong></a> (Jan Christoph Westerhoff) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/names/"><strong>names</strong></a> (Sam Cumming) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nationalism/"><strong>nationalism</strong></a> (Nenad Miscevic) </li>
<li> Native Japan Studies (Kokugaku) School &mdash; see <a href="entries/kokugaku-school/">Japanese Philosophy: Kokugaku School</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/natorp/"><strong>Natorp, Paul</strong></a> (Alan Kim) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/natural-deduction/"><strong>natural deduction systems in logic</strong></a> (Francis Jeffry Pelletier and Allen Hazen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/naturalism/"><strong>naturalism</strong></a> (David Papineau)
   <ul>
   <li> in epistemology &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemology-naturalized/">epistemology: naturalism in</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/lawphil-naturalism/"><strong>in legal philosophy</strong></a> (Brian Leiter and Matthew X. Etchemendy) </li>
   <li> in the philosophy of mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/naturalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: naturalism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/naturalism-moral/"><strong>moral</strong></a> (Matthew Lutz and James Lenman) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/natural-kinds/"><strong>natural kinds</strong></a> (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin) </li>
<li> natural law
   <ul>
   <li> tradition in ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/natural-law-ethics/">ethics: natural law tradition</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> natural philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/natphil-ren/"><strong>in the Renaissance</strong></a> (Eva Del Soldato) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/natural-selection/"><strong>natural selection</strong></a> (Peter Gildenhuys)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/selection-units/"><strong>units and levels of</strong></a> (Elisabeth Lloyd) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/lawphil-nature/"><strong>nature of law</strong></a> (Andrei Marmor and Alexander Sarch)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/law-interpretivist/"><strong>interpretivist theories</strong></a> (Nicos Stavropoulos) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/legal-positivism/"><strong>legal positivism</strong></a> (Leslie Green and Thomas Adams) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/natural-law-theories/"><strong>natural law theories</strong></a> (John Finnis) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/lawphil-theory/"><strong>pure theory of law</strong></a> (Andrei Marmor) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Navya-Ny&#257;ya &mdash; see <a href="entries/early-modern-india/">Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/necessary-sufficient/"><strong>necessary and sufficient conditions</strong></a> (Andrew Brennan) </li>
<li> necessary beings
   <ul>
   <li> and God &mdash; see <a href="entries/god-necessary-being/">God: and other necessary beings</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/needs/"><strong>needs, in moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (Gillian Brock and David Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/negation/"><strong>negation</strong></a> (Laurence R. Horn and Heinrich Wansing) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/negritude/"><strong>N&eacute;gritude</strong></a> (Souleymane Bachir Diagne) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neo-daoism/"><strong>Neo-Daoism</strong></a> (Alan Chan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neo-kantianism/"><strong>neo-Kantianism</strong></a> (Jeremy Heis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neoliberalism/"><strong>neoliberalism</strong></a> (Kevin Vallier) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neoplatonism/"><strong>Neoplatonism</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neurath/"><strong>Neurath, Otto</strong></a> (Jordi Cat) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neuroethics/"><strong>neuroethics</strong></a> (Adina Roskies) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neuroscience/"><strong>neuroscience, philosophy of</strong></a> (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/neutral-monism/"><strong>neutral monism</strong></a> (Leopold Stubenberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/newton/"><strong>Newton, Isaac</strong></a> (George Smith)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/newton-principia/"><strong><em>Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</em></strong></a> (George Smith) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/newton-philosophy/"><strong>philosophy</strong></a> (Andrew Janiak) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/newton-stm/"><strong>views on space, time, and motion</strong></a> (Robert Rynasiewicz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/autrecourt/"><strong>Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort]</strong></a> (Hans Thijssen) </li>
<li> Nicolas of Cusa &mdash; see <a href="entries/cusanus/">Cusanus, Nicolaus</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nietzsche/"><strong>Nietzsche, Friedrich</strong></a> (R. Lanier Anderson)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/nietzsche-life-works/"><strong>life and works</strong></a> (Robert Wicks) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/nietzsche-moral-political/"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (Brian Leiter) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/nishida-kitaro/"><strong>Nishida Kitar&#333;</strong></a> (John C. Maraldo) </li>
<li> <em>noema</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/husserl/">Husserl, Edmund</a> </li>
<li> nominalism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/nominalism-metaphysics/"><strong>in metaphysics</strong></a> (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra) </li>
   <li> in the philosophy of mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/nominalism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> non-naturalism, moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-non-naturalism/">moral non-naturalism</a> </li>
<li> nonconceptual content &mdash; see <a href="entries/content-nonconceptual/">mental content: nonconceptual</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nonexistent-objects/"><strong>nonexistent objects</strong></a> (Maria Reicher) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nonidentity-problem/"><strong>nonidentity problem</strong></a> (M. A. Roberts) </li>
<li> normal form games
   <ul>
   <li> logics for analyzing power in &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-power-games/">logic: for analyzing power in normal form games</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/psychology-normative-cognition/"><strong>normative cognition, psychology of</strong></a> (Daniel Kelly and Stephen Setman) </li>
<li> normativity
   <ul>
   <li> logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-normative/">logic, normative status of</a> </li>
   <li> meaning &mdash; see <a href="entries/meaning-normativity/">meaning: normativity of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> norms of cooperation &mdash; see <a href="entries/social-norms/">social norms</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/john-norris/"><strong>Norris, John</strong></a> (June Yang) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nothingness/"><strong>nothingness</strong></a> (Roy Sorensen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/novalis/"><strong>Novalis [Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg]</strong></a> (Kristin Gjesdal) </li>
<li> Nozick, Robert
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/nozick-political/"><strong>political philosophy</strong></a> (Eric Mack) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/numenius/"><strong>Numenius</strong></a> (George Karamanolis) </li>
</ul>
<a id="o"></a>
<hr />
<h2>O <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/oakeshott/"><strong>Oakeshott, Michael</strong></a> (Terry Nardin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/object/"><strong>object</strong></a> (Bradley Rettler and Andrew M. Bailey) </li>
<li> objectivity
   <ul>
   <li> scientific &mdash; see <a href="entries/scientific-objectivity/">scientific objectivity</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> obligation
   <ul>
   <li> legal &mdash; see <a href="entries/legal-obligation/">legal obligation and authority</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/obligationes/"><strong><em>obligationes</em>, medieval theories of</strong></a> (Mikko Yrj&ouml;nsuuri) </li>
<li> obligations
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/special-obligations/"><strong>special</strong></a> (Diane Jeske) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/self-obligations/"><strong>obligations to oneself</strong></a> (Daniel Mu&ntilde;oz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/occasionalism/"><strong>occasionalism</strong></a> (Sukjae Lee) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ockham/"><strong>Ockham [Occam], William</strong></a> (Paul Vincent Spade and Claude Panaccio) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/olivi/"><strong>Olivi, Peter John</strong></a> (Robert Pasnau and Juhana Toivanen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/olympiodorus/"><strong>Olympiodorus</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/omnipotence/"><strong>omnipotence</strong></a> (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/omnipresence/"><strong>omnipresence</strong></a> (Edward Wierenga) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/omniscience/"><strong>omniscience</strong></a> (Edward Wierenga) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ontological-arguments/"><strong>ontological arguments</strong></a> (Graham Oppy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ontological-commitment/"><strong>ontological commitment</strong></a> (Phillip Bricker) </li>
<li> ontological dependence &mdash; see <a href="entries/dependence-ontological/">dependence, ontological</a> </li>
<li> ontology
   <ul>
   <li> social &mdash; see <a href="entries/social-ontology/">social ontology</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/art-ontology-history/"><strong>ontology of art, history of</strong></a> (Paisley Livingston) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/operationalism/"><strong>operationalism</strong></a> (Hasok Chang) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ordinary-objects/"><strong>ordinary objects</strong></a> (Daniel Z. Korman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/nicole-oresme/"><strong>Oresme, Nicole</strong></a> (Stefan Kirschner) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/origen/"><strong>Origen</strong></a> (Mark J. Edwards) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/original-position/"><strong>original position</strong></a> (Samuel Freeman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/gasset/"><strong>Ortega y Gasset, Jos&eacute;</strong></a> (Oliver Holmes) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/other-minds/"><strong>other minds</strong></a> (Anita Avramides) </li>
<li> ownership, property and &mdash; see <a href="entries/property/">property and ownership</a> </li>
</ul>
<a id="p"></a>
<hr />
<h2>P <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/pacifism/"><strong>pacifism</strong></a> (Andrew Fiala) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pain/"><strong>pain</strong></a> (Murat Aydede) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/paine/"><strong>Paine, Thomas</strong></a> (Mark Philp) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/panentheism/"><strong>panentheism</strong></a> (John Culp) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/panpsychism/"><strong>panpsychism</strong></a> (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pantheism/"><strong>pantheism</strong></a> (William Mander) </li>
<li> paradox
   <ul>
   <li> Curry&rsquo;s &mdash; see <a href="entries/curry-paradox/">Curry&rsquo;s paradox</a> </li>
   <li> Fitch&rsquo;s paradox of knowability &mdash; see <a href="entries/fitch-paradox/">Fitch&rsquo;s paradox of knowability</a> </li>
   <li> of the liar &mdash; see <a href="entries/liar-paradox/">liar paradox</a> </li>
   <li> Russell&rsquo;s paradox &mdash; see <a href="entries/russell-paradox/">Russell&rsquo;s paradox</a> </li>
   <li> Simpson&rsquo;s paradox &mdash; see <a href="entries/paradox-simpson/">Simpson&rsquo;s paradox</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/paradox-skolem/"><strong>Skolem&rsquo;s</strong></a> (Timothy Bays) </li>
   <li> St. Petersburg paradox &mdash; see <a href="entries/paradox-stpetersburg/">St. Petersburg paradox</a> </li>
   <li> of suspense &mdash; see <a href="entries/paradox-suspense/">suspense, paradox of</a> </li>
   <li> Zeno&rsquo;s paradoxes &mdash; see <a href="entries/paradox-zeno/">Zeno of Elea: Zeno&rsquo;s paradoxes</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/paradoxes-contemporary-logic/"><strong>and contemporary logic</strong></a> (Andrea Cantini and Riccardo Bruni) </li>
   <li> epistemic &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemic-paradoxes/">epistemic paradoxes</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/parenthood/"><strong>parenthood and procreation</strong></a> (Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/parmenides/"><strong>Parmenides</strong></a> (John Palmer) </li>
<li> part/whole &mdash; see <a href="entries/mereology/">mereology</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pascal/"><strong>Pascal, Blaise</strong></a> (Desmond Clarke) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pascal-wager/"><strong>Pascal&rsquo;s wager</strong></a> (Alan H&aacute;jek) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/paternalism/"><strong>paternalism</strong></a> (Gerald Dworkin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/patriotism/"><strong>patriotism</strong></a> (Igor Primoratz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/patrizi/"><strong>Patrizi, Francesco</strong></a> (Fred Purnell) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/paul-venice/"><strong>Paul of Venice</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/peirce-benjamin/"><strong>Peirce, Benjamin</strong></a> (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/peirce/"><strong>Peirce, Charles Sanders</strong></a> (Robert Burch)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/peirce-logic/"><strong>logic</strong></a> (Sun-Joo Shin and Eric Hammer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/peirce-semiotics/"><strong>theory of signs</strong></a> (Albert Atkin) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/penbygull/"><strong>Penbygull, William</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> perception
   <ul>
   <li> action-based theories &mdash; see <a href="entries/action-perception/">action-based theories of perception</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-auditory/"><strong>auditory</strong></a> (Casey O&rsquo;Callaghan) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-contents/"><strong>the contents of</strong></a> (Susanna Siegel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-disjunctive/"><strong>the disjunctive theory of</strong></a> (Matthew Soteriou) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-episprob/"><strong>epistemological problems of</strong></a> (Jack Lyons) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-justification/"><strong>experience and justification</strong></a> (Nicholas Silins) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/perception-problem/"><strong>the problem of</strong></a> (Tim Crane and Craig French) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> perceptual learning &mdash; see <a href="entries/perceptual-learning/">learning, perceptual</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/perfectionism-moral/"><strong>perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (Steven Wall) </li>
<li> persistence &mdash; see <a href="entries/temporal-parts/">temporal parts</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/identity-personal/"><strong>personal identity</strong></a> (Eric T. Olson)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/identity-ethics/"><strong>and ethics</strong></a> (David Shoemaker) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/personalism/"><strong>personalism</strong></a> (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/personal-relationship-goods/"><strong>personal relationship goods</strong></a> (Anca Gheaus) </li>
<li> personhood
   <ul>
   <li> in classical Indian Philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/personhood-india/">Indian Philosophy (Classical): personhood</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> persons &mdash; see <a href="entries/identity-personal/">personal identity</a> </li>
<li> persons, treating as means &mdash; see <a href="entries/persons-means/">treating persons as means</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/peter-spain/"><strong>Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus]</strong></a> (Joke Spruyt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/joane-petrizi/"><strong>Petrizi, Joane</strong></a> (Tengiz Iremadze) </li>
<li> phenomenal intentionality &mdash; see <a href="entries/phenomenal-intentionality/">intentionality: phenomenal</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/phenomenology/"><strong>phenomenology</strong></a> (David Woodruff Smith)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/moral-phenomenology/"><strong>moral</strong></a> (John Drummond and Mark Timmons) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/phenomenology-mg/"><strong>of the Munich and G&ouml;ttingen Circles</strong></a> (Alessandro Salice) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/philip-chancellor/"><strong>Philip the Chancellor</strong></a> (Colleen McCluskey) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/philodemus/"><strong>Philodemus</strong></a> (David Blank) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/philolaus/"><strong>Philolaus</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/philo/"><strong>Philo of Alexandria</strong></a> (Carlos L&eacute;vy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/philo-larissa/"><strong>Philo of Larissa</strong></a> (Charles Brittain and Peter Osorio) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/philoponus/"><strong>Philoponus</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> philosophy of science
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/phil-science-latin-america/"><strong>in Latin America</strong></a> (Olimpia Lombardi, Alberto Cordero, and Ana Rosa P&eacute;rez Ransanz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Philo the Dialectician &mdash; see <a href="entries/dialectical-school/">Dialectical School</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/phylogenetic-inference/"><strong>phylogenetic inference</strong></a> (Matt Haber and Joel Velasco) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/physicalism/"><strong>physicalism</strong></a> (Daniel Stoljar) </li>
<li> physics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/physics-experiment/"><strong>experiment in</strong></a> (Allan Franklin and Slobodan Perovic) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/physics-holism/"><strong>holism and nonseparability</strong></a> (Richard Healey) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/physics-interrelate/"><strong>intertheory relations in</strong></a> (Robert Batterman) </li>
   <li> quantum field theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/quantum-field-theory/">quantum theory: quantum field theory</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/physics-structuralism/"><strong>structuralism in</strong></a> (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/symmetry-breaking/"><strong>symmetry and symmetry breaking</strong></a> (Katherine Brading, Elena Castellani, and Nicholas Teh) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <em>physis</em> and <em>nomos</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pico-della-mirandola/"><strong>Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni</strong></a> (Brian Copenhaver) </li>
<li> pineal gland &mdash; see <a href="entries/pineal-gland/">Descartes, Ren&eacute;: and the pineal gland</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/plato/"><strong>Plato</strong></a> (Richard Kraut)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Nickolas Pappas) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/"><strong>Callicles and Thrasymachus</strong></a> (Rachel Barney) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-cratylus/"><strong><em>Cratylus</em></strong></a> (David Sedley) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Dorothea Frede) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-ethics-politics/"><strong>ethics and politics in <em>The Republic</em></strong></a> (Eric Brown) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-friendship/"><strong>friendship and eros</strong></a> (C. D. C. Reeve) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-sophstate/"><strong>method and metaphysics in the <em>Sophist</em> and <em>Statesman</em></strong></a> (Mary-Louise Gill) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-metaphysics/"><strong>middle period metaphysics and epistemology</strong></a> (Allan Silverman) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-myths/"><strong>myths</strong></a> (Catalin Partenie) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-theaetetus/"><strong>on knowledge in the <em>Theaetetus</em></strong></a> (Sophie-Grace Chappell) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-utopia/"><strong>on utopia</strong></a> (Chris Bobonich and Katherine Meadows) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-parmenides/"><strong><em>Parmenides</em></strong></a> (Samuel Rickless) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-rhetoric/"><strong>rhetoric and poetry</strong></a> (Charles L. Griswold) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-ethics-shorter/"><strong>shorter ethical works</strong></a> (Paul Woodruff) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/plato-timaeus/"><strong><em>Timaeus</em></strong></a> (Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Platonism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/platonism/"><strong>in metaphysics</strong></a> (Mark Balaguer) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/platonism-mathematics/"><strong>in the philosophy of mathematics</strong></a> (&Oslash;ystein Linnebo) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/pleasure/"><strong>pleasure</strong></a> (Leonard D. Katz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/plotinus/"><strong>Plotinus</strong></a> (Lloyd Gerson) </li>
<li> pluralism
   <ul>
   <li> religious &mdash; see <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/">religious diversity</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> plurality of forms &mdash; see <a href="entries/binarium/"><em>binarium famosissimum</em></a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/plural-quant/"><strong>plural quantification</strong></a> (&Oslash;ystein Linnebo) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/plutarch/"><strong>Plutarch</strong></a> (George Karamanolis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/poincare/"><strong>Poincar&eacute;, Henri</strong></a> (Gerhard Heinzmann and David Stump) </li>
<li> Polgar, Isaac &mdash; see <a href="entries/polqar/">Polqar, Isaac</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/political-obligation/"><strong>political obligation</strong></a> (Richard Dagger and David Lefkowitz) </li>
<li> political philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/ancient-political/"><strong>ancient</strong></a> (Melissa Lane) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-political/"><strong>medieval</strong></a> (John Kilcullen and Jonathan Robinson) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> political realism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/realism-intl-relations/"><strong>in international relations</strong></a> (W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> political theory and religion &mdash; see <a href="entries/religion-politics/">religion and political theory</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/polqar/"><strong>Polqar, Isaac</strong></a> (Racheli Haliva) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pomponazzi/"><strong>Pomponazzi, Pietro</strong></a> (Craig Martin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/popper/"><strong>Popper, Karl</strong></a> (Stephen Thornton) </li>
<li> population genetics &mdash; see <a href="entries/population-genetics/">genetics: population</a> </li>
<li> pornography
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/pornography-censorship/"><strong>and censorship</strong></a> (Caroline West) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/porphyry/"><strong>Porphyry</strong></a> (Eyj&oacute;lfur Emilsson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/della-porta/"><strong>Porta, Giambattista della</strong></a> (Sergius Kodera) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/port-royal-logic/"><strong>Port Royal Logic</strong></a> (Jill Buroker) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/possible-objects/"><strong>possible objects</strong></a> (Takashi Yagisawa) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/possible-worlds/"><strong>possible worlds</strong></a> (Christopher Menzel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/postmodernism/"><strong>postmodernism</strong></a> (Gary Aylesworth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/francois-barre/"><strong>Poulain de la Barre, Fran&ccedil;ois</strong></a> (Martina Reuter) </li>
<li> poverty of the stimulus argument &mdash; see <a href="entries/innateness-language/">innateness: and language</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/practical-reason/"><strong>practical reason</strong></a> (R. Jay Wallace)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/practical-reason-med/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Anthony Celano) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/practical-reason-action/"><strong>and the structure of actions</strong></a> (Elijah Millgram) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/pragmatic-belief-god/"><strong>pragmatic arguments and belief in God</strong></a> (Jeff Jordan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pragmatics/"><strong>pragmatics</strong></a> (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
   <ul>
   <li> defaults in &mdash; see <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/">defaults in semantics and pragmatics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/pragmatism/"><strong>pragmatism</strong></a> (Catherine Legg and Christopher Hookway) </li>
<li> prayer
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/petitionary-prayer/"><strong>petitionary</strong></a> (Scott A. Davison) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> predicate calculus &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-classical/">logic: classical</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/prediction-accommodation/"><strong>prediction versus accommodation</strong></a> (Eric Christian Barnes) </li>
<li> predictivism &mdash; see <a href="entries/prediction-accommodation/">prediction versus accommodation</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/preferences/"><strong>preferences</strong></a> (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Gr&uuml;ne-Yanoff) </li>
<li> preformationism &mdash; see <a href="entries/epigenesis/">developmental biology: epigenesis and preformationism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-pregnancy/"><strong>pregnancy, birth, and medicine</strong></a> (Rebecca Kukla and Katherine Wayne) </li>
<li> prenatal testing and screening &mdash; see <a href="entries/eugenics/">eugenics</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/presentism/"><strong>presentism</strong></a> (David Ingram and Jonathan Tallant) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/presocratics/"><strong>Presocratic Philosophy</strong></a> (Patricia Curd) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/presupposition/"><strong>presupposition</strong></a> (David I. Beaver, Bart Geurts, and Kristie Denlinger) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/richard-price/"><strong>Price, Richard</strong></a> (David McNaughton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/prichard/"><strong>Prichard, Harold Arthur</strong></a> (Jonathan Dancy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/principia-mathematica/"><strong><em>Principia Mathematica</em></strong></a> (Bernard Linsky and Andrew David Irvine)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/pm-notation/"><strong>notation in</strong></a> (Bernard Linsky) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/sufficient-reason/"><strong>principle of sufficient reason</strong></a> (Yitzhak Y. Melamed and Martin Lin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/prior/"><strong>Prior, Arthur</strong></a> (B. Jack Copeland) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/prisoner-dilemma/"><strong>prisoner&rsquo;s dilemma</strong></a> (Steven Kuhn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/privacy/"><strong>privacy</strong></a> (Judith DeCew)
   <ul>
   <li> and information technology &mdash; see <a href="entries/it-privacy/">information technology: and privacy</a> </li>
   <li> and medicine &mdash; see <a href="entries/privacy-medicine/">ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/private-language/"><strong>private language</strong></a> (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/imprecise-probabilities/"><strong>probabilities, imprecise</strong></a> (Seamus Bradley) </li>
<li> probabilities, indeterminate &mdash; see <a href="entries/imprecise-probabilities/">probabilities, imprecise</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/probability-medieval-renaissance/"><strong>probability, in medieval and Renaissance philosophy</strong></a> (Rudolf Schuessler) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/probability-interpret/"><strong>probability, interpretations of</strong></a> (Alan H&aacute;jek) </li>
<li> probability and logic &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-probability/">logic: and probability</a> </li>
<li> procedural fairness &mdash; see <a href="entries/rule-of-law/">rule of law and procedural fairness</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/process-philosophy/"><strong>process philosophy</strong></a> (Johanna Seibt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/process-theism/"><strong>process theism</strong></a> (Donald Viney) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/proclus/"><strong>Proclus</strong></a> (Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel) </li>
<li> procreation &mdash; see <a href="entries/parenthood/">parenthood and procreation</a> </li>
<li> Prodicus &mdash; see <a href="entries/sophists/">Sophists, The</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/progress/"><strong>progress</strong></a> (Margaret Meek Lange) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/promises/"><strong>promises</strong></a> (Allen Habib) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/proof-theory/"><strong>proof theory</strong></a> (Michael Rathjen and Wilfried Sieg)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/proof-theory-development/"><strong>development of</strong></a> (Jan von Plato) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/properties/"><strong>properties</strong></a> (Francesco Orilia and Michele Paolini Paoletti)
   <ul>
   <li> emergent &mdash; see <a href="entries/properties-emergent/">emergent properties</a> </li>
   <li> essential vs. accidental &mdash; see <a href="entries/essential-accidental/">essential vs. accidental properties</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/natural-properties/"><strong>natural</strong></a> (Cian Dorr) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> property
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/intellectual-property/"><strong>intellectual</strong></a> (Adam Moore and Ken Himma) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/property/"><strong>property and ownership</strong></a> (Jeremy Waldron) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/prophecy/"><strong>prophecy</strong></a> (Scott A. Davison) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/prop-attitude-reports/"><strong>propositional attitude reports</strong></a> (Michael Nelson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/propositional-function/"><strong>propositional function</strong></a> (Edwin Mares) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/propositions/"><strong>propositions</strong></a> (Matthew McGrath and Devin Frank)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/propositions-singular/"><strong>singular</strong></a> (Greg Fitch and Michael Nelson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/propositions-structured/"><strong>structured</strong></a> (Jeffrey C. King) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/protagoras/"><strong>Protagoras</strong></a> (Mauro Bonazzi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/providence-divine/"><strong>providence, divine</strong></a> (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"><strong>Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</strong></a> (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington) </li>
<li> pseudo-science, science and &mdash; see <a href="entries/pseudo-science/">science: and pseudo-science</a> </li>
<li> <em>psyche</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/ancient-soul/">soul, ancient theories of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/psychiatry/"><strong>psychiatry, philosophy of</strong></a> (Dominic Murphy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/psychologism/"><strong>psychologism</strong></a> (Martin Kusch) </li>
<li> psychology
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/evolutionary-psychology/"><strong>evolutionary</strong></a> (Stephen M. Downes) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/public-goods/"><strong>public goods</strong></a> (Julian Reiss) </li>
<li> public health
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/publichealth-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Ruth Faden, Justin Bernstein, and Sirine Shebaya) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/publicity/"><strong>publicity</strong></a> (Axel Gosseries and Tom Parr) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/public-reason/"><strong>public reason</strong></a> (Jonathan Quong) </li>
<li> Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/pufendorf-moral/"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (Michael Seidler) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/legal-punishment/"><strong>punishment, legal</strong></a> (Zachary Hoskins and Antony Duff) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pyrrho/"><strong>Pyrrho</strong></a> (Richard Bett) </li>
<li> Pyrrhonism &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/">skepticism: ancient</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pythagoras/"><strong>Pythagoras</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/pythagoreanism/"><strong>Pythagoreanism</strong></a> (Carl Huffman) </li>
</ul>
<a id="q"></a>
<hr />
<h2>Q <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> Qing philosophy &mdash; see <a href="entries/qing-philosophy/">Chinese Philosophy: Qing philosophy</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/qualia/"><strong>qualia</strong></a> (Michael Tye)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/qualia-inverted/"><strong>inverted</strong></a> (Alex Byrne) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qualia-knowledge/"><strong>knowledge argument</strong></a> (Martine Nida-R&uuml;melin and Donnchadh O Conaill) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> qualiton &mdash; see <a href="entries/tropes/">tropes</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/quantification/"><strong>quantifiers and quantification</strong></a> (Gabriel Uzquiano) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/qm/"><strong>quantum mechanics</strong></a> (Jenann Ismael)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-action-distance/"><strong>action at a distance in</strong></a> (Joseph Berkovitz) </li>
   <li> Bell&rsquo;s Theorem &mdash; see <a href="entries/bell-theorem/">Bell&rsquo;s Theorem</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-bohm/"><strong>Bohmian mechanics</strong></a> (Sheldon Goldstein) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-collapse/"><strong>collapse theories</strong></a> (Giancarlo Ghirardi and Angelo Bassi) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-consistent-histories/"><strong>consistent histories approach</strong></a> (Robert B. Griffiths) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-copenhagen/"><strong>Copenhagen interpretation of</strong></a> (Jan Faye) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-everett/"><strong>Everett&rsquo;s relative-state formulation of</strong></a> (Jeffrey Barrett) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/kochen-specker/"><strong>Kochen-Specker theorem</strong></a> (Carsten Held) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-manyworlds/"><strong>many-worlds interpretation of</strong></a> (Lev Vaidman) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-modal/"><strong>modal interpretations of</strong></a> (Olimpia Lombardi and Dennis Dieks) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-relational/"><strong>relational</strong></a> (Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-retrocausality/"><strong>retrocausality</strong></a> (Simon Friederich and Peter W. Evans) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qm-decoherence/"><strong>the role of decoherence in</strong></a> (Guido Bacciagaluppi) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> quantum theory
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/quantum-bayesian/"><strong>Bayesian and pragmatist views</strong></a> (Richard Healey) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-consciousness/"><strong>and consciousness</strong></a> (Harald Atmanspacher) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-epr/"><strong>the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in</strong></a> (Arthur Fine) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-idind/"><strong>identity and individuality in</strong></a> (Steven French) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-nvd/"><strong>and mathematical rigor</strong></a> (Fred Kronz and Tracy Lupher) </li>
   <li> the measurement problem &mdash; see <a href="entries/qt-issues/">quantum theory: philosophical issues in</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-issues/"><strong>philosophical issues in</strong></a> (Wayne Myrvold) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-quantcomp/"><strong>quantum computing</strong></a> (Amit Hagar and Michael Cuffaro) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-entangle/"><strong>quantum entanglement and information</strong></a> (Jeffrey Bub) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/quantum-field-theory/"><strong>quantum field theory</strong></a> (Meinard Kuhlmann) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/quantum-gravity/"><strong>quantum gravity</strong></a> (Steven Weinstein and Dean Rickles) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/qt-quantlog/"><strong>quantum logic and probability theory</strong></a> (Alexander Wilce) </li>
   <li> uncertainty principle in &mdash; see <a href="entries/qt-uncertainty/">Uncertainty Principle</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/questions/"><strong>questions</strong></a> (Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen) </li>
<li> Quine, Willard van Orman
   <ul>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/quine/"><strong>Quine, Willard Van Orman</strong></a> (Peter Hylton and Gary Kemp) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/quine-nf/"><strong>New Foundations</strong></a> (Thomas Forster) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/quotation/"><strong>quotation</strong></a> (Herman Cappelen, Ernest Lepore, and Matthew McKeever) </li>
</ul>
<a id="r"></a>
<hr />
<h2>R <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/race/"><strong>race</strong></a> (Michael James and Adam Burgos) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/radulphus-brito/"><strong>Radulphus Brito</strong></a> (Ana Mar&iacute;a Mora-M&aacute;rquez and Iacopo Costa) </li>
<li> Ramsay, Allan &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ramsey/"><strong>Ramsey, Frank</strong></a> (Fraser MacBride, Mathieu Marion, Mar&iacute;a Jos&eacute; Fr&aacute;polli, Dorothy Edgington, Edward Elliott, Sebastian Lutz, and Jeffrey Paris)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/ramsey-economics/"><strong>and intergenerational welfare economics</strong></a> (Partha Dasgupta) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/ramus/"><strong>Ramus, Petrus</strong></a> (Erland Sellberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ayn-rand/"><strong>Rand, Ayn</strong></a> (Neera K. Badhwar and Roderick T. Long) </li>
<li> randomness
   <ul>
   <li> versus chance &mdash; see <a href="entries/chance-randomness/">chance: versus randomness</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> rational choice, normative
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/rationality-normative-utility/"><strong>expected utility</strong></a> (R. A. Briggs) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/rationalism-empiricism/"><strong>rationalism vs. empiricism</strong></a> (Peter Markie and M. Folescu) </li>
<li> rationality
   <ul>
   <li> Bayesian &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemology-bayesian/">epistemology: Bayesian</a> </li>
   <li> bounded &mdash; see <a href="entries/bounded-rationality/">bounded rationality</a> </li>
   <li> epistemic foundations of game theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemic-game/">game theory: epistemic foundations of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/rationality-historicist/"><strong>historicist theories of</strong></a> (Thomas Nickles) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/rationality-instrumental/"><strong>instrumental</strong></a> (Niko Kolodny and John Brunero) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/rawls/"><strong>Rawls, John</strong></a> (Leif Wenar) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/realism/"><strong>realism</strong></a> (Alexander Miller)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/realism-sem-challenge/"><strong>challenges to metaphysical</strong></a> (Drew Khlentzos) </li>
   <li> moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-realism/">moral realism</a> </li>
   <li> political, in international relations &mdash; see <a href="entries/realism-intl-relations/">political realism: in international relations</a> </li>
   <li> scientific &mdash; see <a href="entries/scientific-realism/">scientific realism</a> </li>
   <li> structural &mdash; see <a href="entries/structural-realism/">structural realism</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/realism-theory-change/"><strong>and theory change in science</strong></a> (Stathis Psillos) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> reasoning
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-automated/"><strong>automated</strong></a> (Frederic Portoraro) </li>
   <li> by analogy &mdash; see <a href="entries/reasoning-analogy/">analogy and analogical reasoning</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-defeasible/"><strong>defeasible</strong></a> (Robert Koons) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/reasoning-moral/"><strong>moral</strong></a> (Henry S. Richardson) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> reasons for action
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/reasons-agent/"><strong>agent-neutral vs. agent-relative</strong></a> (Michael Ridge) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/reasons-internal-external/"><strong>internal vs. external</strong></a> (Stephen Finlay and Mark Schroeder) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/reasons-just-vs-expl/"><strong>justification, motivation, explanation</strong></a> (Maria Alvarez) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/recognition/"><strong>recognition</strong></a> (Mattias Iser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/reconciliation/"><strong>reconciliation</strong></a> (Linda Radzik and Colleen Murphy) </li>
<li> recursion &mdash; see <a href="#" onclick="return false;">recursion</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/recursive-functions/"><strong>recursive functions</strong></a> (Walter Dean) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/redistribution/"><strong>redistribution</strong></a> (Christian Barry) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-reduction/"><strong>reduction, scientific</strong></a> (Raphael van Riel and Robert Van Gulick)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/reduction-biology/"><strong>in biology</strong></a> (Ingo Brigandt and Alan Love) </li>
   <li> in physics &mdash; see <a href="entries/physics-interrelate/">physics: intertheory relations in</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/reference/"><strong>reference</strong></a> (Eliot Michaelson and Marga Reimer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/reflective-equilibrium/"><strong>reflective equilibrium</strong></a> (Norman Daniels) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/henricus-regius/"><strong>Regius, Henricus</strong></a> (Desmond Clarke and Erik-Jan Bos) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/august-rehberg/"><strong>Rehberg, August Wilhelm</strong></a> (Frederick C. Beiser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/reichenbach/"><strong>Reichenbach, Hans</strong></a> (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/physics-Rpcc/"><strong>common cause principle</strong></a> (Christopher Hitchcock and Mikl&oacute;s R&eacute;dei) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/reid/"><strong>Reid, Thomas</strong></a> (Ryan Nichols and Gideon Yaffe)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/reid-ethics/"><strong>ethics</strong></a> (Terence Cuneo) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/reid-memory-identity/"><strong>on memory and personal identity</strong></a> (Rebecca Copenhaver) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/reinach/"><strong>Reinach, Adolf</strong></a> (James DuBois and Barry Smith) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/karl-reinhold/"><strong>Reinhold, Karl Leonhard</strong></a> (Dan Breazeale) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/reism/"><strong>reism</strong></a> (Jan Wole&#324;ski) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/relations/"><strong>relations</strong></a> (Fraser MacBride)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/relations-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Jeffrey Brower) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/relativism/"><strong>relativism</strong></a> (Maria Baghramian and J. Adam Carter)
   <ul>
   <li> moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-relativism/">moral relativism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> relaton &mdash; see <a href="entries/tropes/">tropes</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/reliabilism/"><strong>reliabilist epistemology</strong></a> (Alvin Goldman and Bob Beddor) </li>
<li> religion
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/religion-epistemology/"><strong>epistemology of</strong></a> (Peter Forrest) </li>
   <li> feminist philosophy of &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminist-religion/">feminist philosophy, interventions: philosophy of religion</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/religion-morality/"><strong>and morality</strong></a> (John Hare) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/philosophy-religion/"><strong>philosophy of</strong></a> (Charles Taliaferro) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/religion-science/"><strong>and science</strong></a> (Helen De Cruz) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> religion, natural &mdash; see <a href="entries/natural-theology/">theology, natural and natural religion</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/phenomenology-religion/"><strong>religion, phenomenology of</strong></a> (Mark Wynn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/religion-politics/"><strong>religion and political theory</strong></a> (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/religious-pluralism/"><strong>religious diversity</strong></a> (David Basinger) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/religious-experience/"><strong>religious experience</strong></a> (Mark Webb) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/religious-language/"><strong>religious language</strong></a> (Michael Scott) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/black-reparations/"><strong>reparations, Black</strong></a> (Bernard Boxill and J. Angelo Corlett) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/replication/"><strong>replication and reproduction</strong></a> (John S. Wilkins and Pierrick Bourrat) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/political-representation/"><strong>representation, political</strong></a> (Suzanne Dovi) </li>
<li> representation, scientific &mdash; see <a href="entries/scientific-representation/">scientific representation</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-reproducibility/"><strong>reproducibility, scientific</strong></a> (Fiona Fidler and John Wilcox) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/republicanism/"><strong>republicanism</strong></a> (Frank Lovett) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/repugnant-conclusion/"><strong>repugnant conclusion, the</strong></a> (Gustaf Arrhenius, Jesper Ryberg, and Torbj&ouml;rn T&auml;nnsj&ouml;) </li>
<li> resistance, imaginative &mdash; see <a href="entries/imaginative-resistance/">imaginative resistance</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/respect/"><strong>respect</strong></a> (Robin S. Dillon) </li>
<li> responsibility
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/collective-responsibility/"><strong>collective</strong></a> (Marion Smiley) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> retributive justice &mdash; see <a href="entries/justice-retributive/">justice: retributive</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/divine-revelation/"><strong>revelation, divine</strong></a> (Mats Wahlberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/revolution/"><strong>revolution</strong></a> (Allen Buchanan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/richard-sophister/"><strong>Richard the Sophister [<em>Ricardus Sophista, Magister abstractionum</em>]</strong></a> (Paul Streveler) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/heinrich-rickert/"><strong>Rickert, Heinrich</strong></a> (Andrea Staiti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ricoeur/"><strong>Ricoeur, Paul</strong></a> (David Pellauer and Bernard Dauenhauer) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/rights/"><strong>rights</strong></a> (Leif Wenar)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/rights-children/"><strong>of children</strong></a> (David William Archard) </li>
   <li> civil &mdash; see <a href="entries/civil-rights/">civil rights</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/rights-group/"><strong>group</strong></a> (Peter Jones) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/rights-human/"><strong>human</strong></a> (James Nickel) </li>
   <li> legal &mdash; see <a href="entries/legal-rights/">legal rights</a> </li>
   <li> territorial &mdash; see <a href="entries/territorial-rights/">territorial rights and justice</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/rigid-designators/"><strong>rigid designators</strong></a> (Joseph LaPorte) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/risk/"><strong>risk</strong></a> (Sven Ove Hansson) </li>
<li> robotics
   <ul>
   <li> ethics of &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-ai/">artificial intelligence: ethics of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> role obligations &mdash; see <a href="entries/special-obligations/">obligations: special</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/rorty/"><strong>Rorty, Richard</strong></a> (Bj&oslash;rn Ramberg and Susan Dieleman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/rosenstock-huessy/"><strong>Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen</strong></a> (Wayne Cristaudo) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/rosenzweig/"><strong>Rosenzweig, Franz</strong></a> (Benjamin Pollock) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/antonio-rosmini/"><strong>Rosmini, Antonio</strong></a> (Denis Cleary) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/william-david-ross/"><strong>Ross, William David</strong></a> (Anthony Skelton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/rousseau/"><strong>Rousseau, Jean Jacques</strong></a> (Christopher Bertram) </li>
<li> Routley [Sylvan], Richard &mdash; see <a href="entries/sylvan-routley/">Sylvan, Richard</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/royce/"><strong>Royce, Josiah</strong></a> (Kelly A. Parker and Scott Pratt) </li>
<li> Rufus, Richard &mdash; see <a href="entries/richard-sophister/">Richard the Sophister</a> </li>
<li> rule consequentialism &mdash; see <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/">consequentialism: rule</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/rule-of-law/"><strong>rule of law and procedural fairness</strong></a> (Jeremy Waldron) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/russell/"><strong>Russell, Bertrand</strong></a> (Andrew David Irvine)
   <ul>
   <li> logical atomism &mdash; see <a href="entries/logical-atomism/">logical atomism: Russell&rsquo;s</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/russell-moral/"><strong>moral philosophy</strong></a> (Charles Pigden) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/russell-paradox/"><strong>Russell&rsquo;s paradox</strong></a> (Andrew David Irvine and Harry Deutsch) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ryle/"><strong>Ryle, Gilbert</strong></a> (Julia Tanney) </li>
</ul>
<a id="s"></a>
<hr />
<h2>S <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/saadya/"><strong>Saadya [Saadiah]</strong></a> (Sarah Pessin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/saantarak-sita/"><strong>&#346;&#257;ntarak&#7779;ita</strong></a> (James Blumenthal and James Apple) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/shantideva/"><strong>&#346;&#257;ntideva</strong></a> (Charles Goodman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sakya-pandita/"><strong>Sakya Pa&#7751;&#7693;ita [sa skya pa&#7751; &#7693;i ta]</strong></a> (Jonathan C. Gold) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/organs-sale/"><strong>sale of human organs</strong></a> (Stephen Wilkinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wesley-salmon/"><strong>Salmon, Wesley</strong></a> (Maria Carla Galavotti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/francisco-sanches/"><strong>Sanches, Francisco</strong></a> (Rolando P&eacute;rez) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/shankara/"><strong>&#346;a&#7749;kara</strong></a> (Neil Dalal) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/santayana/"><strong>Santayana, George</strong></a> (Herman Saatkamp and Martin Coleman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sartre/"><strong>Sartre, Jean-Paul</strong></a> (Thomas Flynn) </li>
<li> scepticism &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism/">skepticism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scheler/"><strong>Scheler, Max</strong></a> (Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schelling/"><strong>Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von</strong></a> (Andrew Bowie) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schema/"><strong>schema</strong></a> (John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schiller/"><strong>Schiller, Friedrich</strong></a> (Lydia L. Moland) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schlegel-aw/"><strong>Schlegel, August Wilhelm von</strong></a> (Katia D. Hay) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schlegel/"><strong>Schlegel, Friedrich</strong></a> (Allen Speight) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schleiermacher/"><strong>Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst</strong></a> (Michael Forster) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schlick/"><strong>Schlick, Moritz</strong></a> (Thomas Oberdan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schmitt/"><strong>Schmitt, Carl</strong></a> (Lars Vinx) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scholem/"><strong>Scholem, Gershom</strong></a> (Shaul Magid) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scholz/"><strong>Scholz, Heinrich</strong></a> (Volker Peckhaus) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/school-names/"><strong>School of Names</strong></a> (Chris Fraser) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/school-salamanca/"><strong>School of Salamanca</strong></a> (Thomas Izbicki and Matthias Kaufmann) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/schopenhauer/"><strong>Schopenhauer, Arthur</strong></a> (Robert Wicks)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Sandra Shapshay) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/schutz/"><strong>Schutz, Alfred</strong></a> (Michael Barber) </li>
<li> science
   <ul>
   <li> models in &mdash; see <a href="entries/models-science/">models in science</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/pseudo-science/"><strong>and pseudo-science</strong></a> (Sven Ove Hansson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/science-theory-observation/"><strong>theory and observation in</strong></a> (Nora Mills Boyd and James Bogen) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/scientific-unity/"><strong>unity of</strong></a> (Jordi Cat) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-discovery/"><strong>scientific discovery</strong></a> (Jutta Schickore) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-explanation/"><strong>scientific explanation</strong></a> (James Woodward and Lauren Ross) </li>
<li> scientific knowledge
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/scientific-knowledge-social/"><strong>social dimensions of</strong></a> (Helen Longino) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-method/"><strong>scientific method</strong></a> (Brian Hepburn and Hanne Andersen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-objectivity/"><strong>scientific objectivity</strong></a> (Julian Reiss and Jan Sprenger) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-pluralism/"><strong>scientific pluralism</strong></a> (David Ludwig and St&eacute;phanie Ruphy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-progress/"><strong>scientific progress</strong></a> (Ilkka Niiniluoto) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-realism/"><strong>scientific realism</strong></a> (Anjan Chakravartty)
   <ul>
   <li> and theory change &mdash; see <a href="entries/realism-theory-change/">realism: and theory change in science</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-representation/"><strong>scientific representation</strong></a> (Roman Frigg and James Nguyen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/science-big-data/"><strong>scientific research and big data</strong></a> (Sabina Leonelli) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-revolutions/"><strong>scientific revolutions</strong></a> (Thomas Nickles) </li>
<li> scientific theories
   <ul>
   <li> incommensurability of &mdash; see <a href="entries/incommensurability/">incommensurability: of scientific theories</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/structure-scientific-theories/"><strong>structure of</strong></a> (Rasmus Gr&oslash;nfeldt Winther) </li>
   <li> underdetermination of &mdash; see <a href="entries/scientific-underdetermination/">underdetermination, of scientific theories</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Scottish Philosophy
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/scottish-18th/"><strong>in the 18th Century</strong></a> (Alexander Broadie) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/scottish-19th/"><strong>in the 19th century</strong></a> (Gordon Graham) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottus-eriugena/">Eriugena, John Scottus</a> </li>
<li> Scotus, John Duns &mdash; see <a href="entries/duns-scotus/">Duns Scotus, John</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/madeleine-scudery/"><strong>Scud&eacute;ry, Madeleine de</strong></a> (John Conley) </li>
<li> search engines and ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-search/">ethics: search engines and</a> </li>
<li> Sebond, Raymond &mdash; see <a href="entries/montaigne/">Montaigne, Michel de</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/secession/"><strong>secession</strong></a> (Allen Buchanan and Elizabeth Levinson) </li>
<li> self
   <ul>
   <li> feminist perspectives on the &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-self/">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on the self</a> </li>
   <li> knowledge &mdash; see <a href="entries/self-knowledge/">self-knowledge</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/self-consciousness/"><strong>self-consciousness</strong></a> (Joel Smith)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological/"><strong>phenomenological approaches to</strong></a> (Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/self-deception/"><strong>self-deception</strong></a> (Ian Deweese-Boyd) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/self-defense/"><strong>self-defense</strong></a> (Helen Frowe and Jonathan Parry) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epistemic-self-doubt/"><strong>self-doubt, epistemic</strong></a> (Sherrilyn Roush) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/self-knowledge/"><strong>self-knowledge</strong></a> (Brie Gertler)
   <ul>
   <li> and externalism &mdash; see <a href="entries/self-knowledge-externalism/">externalism: and self-knowledge</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/self-reference/"><strong>self-reference</strong></a> (Thomas Bolander) </li>
<li> self-respect &mdash; see <a href="entries/respect/">respect</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sellars/"><strong>Sellars, Wilfrid</strong></a> (Willem deVries) </li>
<li> semantic holism &mdash; see <a href="entries/meaning-holism/">meaning holism</a> </li>
<li> semantics
   <ul>
   <li> defaults in &mdash; see <a href="entries/defaults-semantics-pragmatics/">defaults in semantics and pragmatics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/dynamic-semantics/"><strong>dynamic</strong></a> (Rick Nouwen, Adrian Brasoveanu, Jan van Eijck, and Albert Visser) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/montague-semantics/"><strong>Montague</strong></a> (Theo M. V. Janssen and Thomas Ede Zimmermann) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/proof-theoretic-semantics/"><strong>proof-theoretic</strong></a> (Peter Schroeder-Heister) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/two-dimensional-semantics/"><strong>two-dimensional</strong></a> (Laura Schroeter) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> semiotics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/semiotics-medieval/"><strong>medieval</strong></a> (Stephan Meier-Oeser) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/seneca/"><strong>Seneca</strong></a> (Katja Vogt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sense-data/"><strong>sense data</strong></a> (Gary Hatfield) </li>
<li> sensibility theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/fitting-attitude-theories/">fitting attitude theories of value</a> </li>
<li> sentimentalism, moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/moral-sentimentalism/">moral sentimentalism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/set-theory/"><strong>set theory</strong></a> (Joan Bagaria)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/settheory-alternative/"><strong>alternative axiomatic theories</strong></a> (M. Randall Holmes) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/set-theory-constructive/"><strong>constructive and intuitionistic ZF</strong></a> (Laura Crosilla) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/continuum-hypothesis/"><strong>continuum hypothesis</strong></a> (Peter Koellner) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/settheory-early/"><strong>early development</strong></a> (Jos&eacute; Ferreir&oacute;s) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/independence-large-cardinals/"><strong>independence and large cardinals</strong></a> (Peter Koellner) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/large-cardinals-determinacy/"><strong>large cardinals and determinacy</strong></a> (Peter Koellner) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/nonwellfounded-set-theory/"><strong>non-wellfounded</strong></a> (Lawrence S. Moss) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/zermelo-set-theory/"><strong>Zermelo&rsquo;s axiomatization of</strong></a> (Michael Hallett) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/sex-sexuality/"><strong>sex and sexuality</strong></a> (Raja Halwani) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sextus-empiricus/"><strong>Sextus Empiricus</strong></a> (Benjamin Morison) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/shaftesbury/"><strong>Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of]</strong></a> (Michael B. Gill)
   <ul>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/sharpe/"><strong>Sharpe, Johannes</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/mary-shepherd/"><strong>Shepherd, Mary</strong></a> (Martha Bolton) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sidgwick/"><strong>Sidgwick, Henry</strong></a> (Barton Schultz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/simon-faversham/"><strong>Simon of Faversham</strong></a> (Ana Mar&iacute;a Mora-M&aacute;rquez) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/simplicity/"><strong>simplicity</strong></a> (Alan Baker)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/divine-simplicity/"><strong>divine</strong></a> (William F. Vallicella) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/simplicius/"><strong>Simplicius</strong></a> (Christoph Helmig) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/paradox-simpson/"><strong>Simpson&rsquo;s paradox</strong></a> (Jan Sprenger and Naftali Weinberger) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/simulations-science/"><strong>simulations in science</strong></a> (Eric Winsberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sin-christian/"><strong>sin, in Christian thought</strong></a> (Kevin Timpe) </li>
<li> singular terms
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/singular-terms-medieval/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (E. Jennifer Ashworth) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> situations
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/situations-semantics/"><strong>in natural language semantics</strong></a> (Angelika Kratzer) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/skeptical-theism/"><strong>skeptical theism</strong></a> (Trent Dougherty) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/skepticism/"><strong>skepticism</strong></a> (Juan Comesa&ntilde;a and Peter Klein)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-moral-responsibility/"><strong>about moral responsibility</strong></a> (Gregg Caruso) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-ancient/"><strong>ancient</strong></a> (Katja Vogt) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-content-externalism/"><strong>and content externalism</strong></a> (Michael McKinsey) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-latin-america/"><strong>in Latin America</strong></a> (Pl&iacute;nio Junqueira Smith and Ot&aacute;vio Bueno) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/skepticism-medieval/"><strong>medieval</strong></a> (Charles Bolyard) </li>
   <li> moral &mdash; see <a href="entries/skepticism-moral/">moral skepticism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Skolem&rsquo;s paradox &mdash; see <a href="entries/paradox-skolem/">paradox: Skolem&rsquo;s</a> </li>
<li> Smith, Adam &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/smith-moral-political/"><strong>moral and political philosophy</strong></a> (Samuel Fleischacker) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Smith, John &mdash; see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/social-choice/"><strong>social choice theory</strong></a> (Christian List) </li>
<li> social construction
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/social-construction-naturalistic/"><strong>naturalistic approaches to</strong></a> (Ron Mallon) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> social contract &mdash; see <a href="entries/contractarianism/">contractarianism</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/contractarianism-contemporary/"><strong>contemporary approaches to</strong></a> (Fred D&rsquo;Agostino, Gerald Gaus, and John Thrasher) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> social epistemology &mdash; see <a href="entries/epistemology-social/">epistemology: social</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/social-institutions/"><strong>social institutions</strong></a> (Seumas Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/socialism/"><strong>socialism</strong></a> (Pablo Gilabert and Martin O&rsquo;Neill) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/social-minimum/"><strong>social minimum [basic income]</strong></a> (Stuart White) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ethics-social-networking/"><strong>social networking and ethics</strong></a> (Shannon Vallor) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/social-norms/"><strong>social norms</strong></a> (Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/social-ontology/"><strong>social ontology</strong></a> (Brian Epstein) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/social-procedures/"><strong>social procedures, formal approaches</strong></a> (Jan van Eijck and Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sociobiology/"><strong>sociobiology</strong></a> (Catherine Driscoll) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/socrates/"><strong>Socrates</strong></a> (Debra Nails) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sophie-de-grouchy/"><strong>Sophie de Grouchy</strong></a> (Sandrine Berges) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sophismata/"><strong><em>sophismata</em> [= sophisms]</strong></a> (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sophists/"><strong>Sophists, The</strong></a> (C.C.W. Taylor and Mi-Kyoung Lee) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sorites-paradox/"><strong>Sorites paradox</strong></a> (Dominic Hyde and Diana Raffman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sortals/"><strong>sortals</strong></a> (Richard E. Grandy and Max A. Freund) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/ancient-soul/"><strong>soul, ancient theories of</strong></a> (Hendrik Lorenz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sounds/"><strong>sounds</strong></a> (Roberto Casati, Jerome Dokic, and Elvira Di Bona) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sovereignty/"><strong>sovereignty</strong></a> (Daniel Philpott) </li>
<li> space and time
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-theories-classical/"><strong>absolute and relational space and motion, classical theories</strong></a> (Carl Hoefer, Nick Huggett, and James Read) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-theories/"><strong>absolute and relational space and motion, post-Newtonian theories</strong></a> (Nick Huggett, Carl Hoefer, and James Read) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/"><strong>being and becoming in modern physics</strong></a> (Steven Savitt) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-convensimul/"><strong>conventionality of simultaneity</strong></a> (Allen Janis) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-holearg/"><strong>the hole argument</strong></a> (John D. Norton) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-iframes/"><strong>inertial frames</strong></a> (Robert DiSalle) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-singularities/"><strong>singularities and black holes</strong></a> (Erik Curiel) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spacetime-supertasks/"><strong>supertasks</strong></a> (JB Manchak and Bryan W. Roberts) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/species/"><strong>species</strong></a> (Marc Ereshefsky) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/speech-acts/"><strong>speech acts</strong></a> (Mitchell Green) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/spencer/"><strong>Spencer, Herbert</strong></a> (David Weinstein) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/speusippus/"><strong>Speusippus</strong></a> (Russell Dancy) </li>
<li> Spinoza
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-epistemology-mind/"><strong>epistemology and philosophy of mind</strong></a> (Karolina H&uuml;bner) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/spinoza/"><strong>Spinoza, Baruch</strong></a> (Steven Nadler)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-modal/"><strong>modal metaphysics</strong></a> (Samuel Newlands) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-physics/"><strong>physical theory</strong></a> (Richard Manning) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-political/"><strong>political philosophy</strong></a> (Justin Steinberg) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-psychological/"><strong>psychological theory</strong></a> (Michael LeBuffe) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/spinoza-attributes/"><strong>theory of attributes</strong></a> (Noa Shein) </li>
   <li> theory of emotion &mdash; see <a href="entries/emotions-17th18th/">emotion: 17th and 18th century theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/sport/"><strong>sport, philosophy of</strong></a> (John William Devine and Francisco Javier Lopez Frias) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/square/"><strong>square of opposition</strong></a> (Terence Parsons) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/sriharsa/"><strong>&#346;r&#299;har&#7779;a</strong></a> (Nilanjan Das) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/paradox-stpetersburg/"><strong>St. Petersburg paradox</strong></a> (Martin Peterson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/states-of-affairs/"><strong>states of affairs</strong></a> (Mark Textor) </li>
<li> statistical physics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/statphys-Boltzmann/"><strong>Boltzmann&rsquo;s work in</strong></a> (Jos Uffink) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/statphys-statmech/"><strong>philosophy of statistical mechanics</strong></a> (Lawrence Sklar) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/statistics/"><strong>statistics, philosophy of</strong></a> (Jan-Willem Romeijn) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/stebbing/"><strong>Stebbing, Susan</strong></a> (Michael Beaney and Siobhan Chapman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/stein/"><strong>Stein, Edith</strong></a> (Thomas Szanto and Dermot Moran) </li>
<li> stem cell research, ethics of &mdash; see <a href="entries/stem-cells/">ethics, biomedical: stem cell research</a> </li>
<li> Sterry, Peter &mdash; see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/stevenson/"><strong>Stevenson, Charles Leslie</strong></a> (Daniel R. Boisvert and Teemu Toppinen) </li>
<li> Stewart, Dugald &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/max-stirner/"><strong>Stirner, Max</strong></a> (David Leopold) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/stoicism/"><strong>Stoicism</strong></a> (Dirk Baltzly) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/strauss-leo/"><strong>Strauss, Leo</strong></a> (Leora Batnitzky) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/strawson/"><strong>Strawson, Peter Frederick</strong></a> (Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes) </li>
<li> structuralism
   <ul>
   <li> in mathematics &mdash; see <a href="entries/structuralism-mathematics/">mathematics, philosophy of: structuralism</a> </li>
   <li> in physics &mdash; see <a href="entries/physics-structuralism/">physics: structuralism in</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/structural-realism/"><strong>structural realism</strong></a> (James Ladyman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/stumpf/"><strong>Stumpf, Carl</strong></a> (Denis Fisette) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/johann-sturm/"><strong>Sturm, Johann</strong></a> (Andrea Sangiacomo and Christian Henkel) </li>
<li> style
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/mathematical-style/"><strong>in mathematics</strong></a> (Paolo Mancosu) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/suarez/"><strong>Su&aacute;rez, Francisco</strong></a> (Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/substance/"><strong>substance</strong></a> (Howard Robinson) </li>
<li> substructural logics &mdash; see <a href="entries/logic-substructural/">logic: substructural</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/suhrawardi/"><strong>Suhrawardi</strong></a> (Roxanne Marcotte) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/suicide/"><strong>suicide</strong></a> (Michael Cholbi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/supererogation/"><strong>supererogation</strong></a> (David Heyd) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/supervenience/"><strong>supervenience</strong></a> (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/supervenience-ethics/"><strong>in ethics</strong></a> (Tristram McPherson) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals &mdash; see <a href="entries/advance-directives/">advance directives</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/paradox-suspense/"><strong>suspense, paradox of</strong></a> (Aaron Smuts) </li>
<li> syllogism
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-syllogism/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Henrik Lagerlund) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/sylvan-routley/"><strong>Sylvan [Routley], Richard</strong></a> (Dominic Hyde, Filippo Casati, and Zach Weber) </li>
<li> symmetry and symmetry breaking &mdash; see <a href="entries/symmetry-breaking/">physics: symmetry and symmetry breaking</a> </li>
<li> synthetic &mdash; see <a href="entries/analytic-synthetic/">analytic/synthetic distinction</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/syrianus/"><strong>Syrianus</strong></a> (Christian Wildberg) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/systems-synthetic-biology/"><strong>systems and synthetic biology, philosophy of</strong></a> (Sara Green) </li>
</ul>
<a id="t"></a>
<hr />
<h2>T <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> Taoism &mdash; see <a href="entries/daoism/">Daoism</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/tarski/"><strong>Tarski, Alfred</strong></a> (Mario G&oacute;mez-Torrente)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/tarski-truth/"><strong>truth definitions</strong></a> (Wilfrid Hodges) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/taurellus/"><strong>Taurellus, Nicolaus</strong></a> (Andreas Blank) </li>
<li> <em>techne</em> &mdash; see <a href="entries/episteme-techne/"><em>episteme</em> and <em>techne</em></a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/technology/"><strong>technology, philosophy of</strong></a> (Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, and Ibo van de Poel) </li>
<li> teleology
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/teleological-arguments/"><strong>teleological arguments for God&rsquo;s existence</strong></a> (Del Ratzsch and Jeffrey Koperski) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/teleology-biology/"><strong>teleological notions in biology</strong></a> (Colin Allen and Jacob Neal) </li>
   <li> teleological theories of mental content &mdash; see <a href="entries/content-teleological/">mental content: teleological theories of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/telesio/"><strong>Telesio, Bernardino</strong></a> (Michaela Boenke) </li>
<li> temporal consciousness &mdash; see <a href="entries/consciousness-temporal/">consciousness: temporal</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/temporal-parts/"><strong>temporal parts</strong></a> (Katherine Hawley) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/tense-aspect/"><strong>tense and aspect</strong></a> (Friedrich Hamm and Oliver Bott) </li>
<li> terms, properties of
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/medieval-terms/"><strong>medieval theories of</strong></a> (Stephen Read) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/territorial-rights/"><strong>territorial rights and justice</strong></a> (Margaret Moore) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/terrorism/"><strong>terrorism</strong></a> (Igor Primoratz) </li>
<li> testimony
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/testimony-episprob/"><strong>epistemological problems of</strong></a> (Nick Leonard) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/theater/"><strong>theater, philosophy of</strong></a> (James R. Hamilton) </li>
<li> theism
   <ul>
   <li> atheism and agnosticism &mdash; see <a href="entries/atheism-agnosticism/">atheism and agnosticism</a> </li>
   <li> monotheism &mdash; see <a href="entries/monotheism/">monotheism</a> </li>
   <li> panentheism &mdash; see <a href="entries/panentheism/">panentheism</a> </li>
   <li> pantheism &mdash; see <a href="entries/pantheism/">pantheism</a> </li>
   <li> process &mdash; see <a href="entries/process-theism/">process theism</a> </li>
   <li> skeptical &mdash; see <a href="entries/skeptical-theism/">skeptical theism</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/natural-theology/"><strong>theology, natural and natural religion</strong></a> (Andrew Chignell and Derk Pereboom) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/theology-aristotle/"><strong>Theology of Aristotle</strong></a> (Peter Adamson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/theophrastus/"><strong>Theophrastus</strong></a> (Katerina Ierodiakonou) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/theoretical-terms-science/"><strong>theoretical terms in science</strong></a> (Holger Andreas) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/thick-ethical-concepts/"><strong>thick ethical concepts</strong></a> (Pekka V&auml;yrynen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/erfurt/"><strong>Thomas of Erfurt</strong></a> (Jack Zupko) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/thoreau/"><strong>Thoreau, Henry David</strong></a> (Rick Anthony Furtak) </li>
<li> thought, associationist theories of &mdash; see <a href="entries/associationist-thought/">associationist theories of thought</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/thought-experiment/"><strong>thought experiments</strong></a> (James Robert Brown and Yiftach Fehige) </li>
<li> Thrasymachus &mdash; see <a href="entries/callicles-thrasymachus/">Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/tibbon/"><strong>Tibbon, Samuel Ibn</strong></a> (James T. Robinson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/epistemology-language-tibetan/"><strong>Tibetan epistemology and philosophy of language</strong></a> (Pascale Hugon) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/time/"><strong>time</strong></a> (Nina Emery, Ned Markosian, and Meghan Sullivan)
   <ul>
   <li> being and becoming in modern physics &mdash; see <a href="entries/spacetime-bebecome/">space and time: being and becoming in modern physics</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/time-experience/"><strong>the experience and perception of</strong></a> (Robin Le Poidevin) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/time-thermo/"><strong>thermodynamic asymmetry in</strong></a> (Craig Callender) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/time-machine/"><strong>time machines</strong></a> (John Earman, Christian W&uuml;thrich, and JB Manchak) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/time-travel/"><strong>time travel</strong></a> (Nicholas J.J. Smith)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/time-travel-phys/"><strong>and modern physics</strong></a> (Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/timon-phlius/"><strong>Timon of Phlius</strong></a> (Richard Bett) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/toleration/"><strong>toleration</strong></a> (Rainer Forst) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/tort-theories/"><strong>torts, theories of the common law of</strong></a> (Jules Coleman, Scott Hershovitz, and Gabriel Mendlow) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/torture/"><strong>torture</strong></a> (Seumas Miller) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/touch/"><strong>touch</strong></a> (Matthew Fulkerson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/transcendental-arguments/"><strong>transcendental arguments</strong></a> (Robert Stern)
   <ul>
   <li> Kant &mdash; see <a href="entries/kant-transcendental/">Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/transcendentalism/"><strong>transcendentalism</strong></a> (Russell Goodman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/transcendentals-medieval/"><strong>transcendentals, medieval theories of</strong></a> (Wouter Goris and Jan Aertsen) </li>
<li> trans issues, feminist perspectives on &mdash; see <a href="entries/feminism-trans/">feminist philosophy, topics: perspectives on trans issues</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/transmission-justification-warrant/"><strong>transmission of justification and warrant</strong></a> (Luca Moretti and Tommaso Piazza) </li>
<li> transworld identity &mdash; see <a href="entries/identity-transworld/">identity: transworld</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/persons-means/"><strong>treating persons as means</strong></a> (Samuel Kerstein) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/trinity/"><strong>trinity</strong></a> (Dale Tuggy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/tropes/"><strong>tropes</strong></a> (Anna-Sofia Maurin) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/trust/"><strong>trust</strong></a> (Carolyn McLeod) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/truth/"><strong>truth</strong></a> (Michael Glanzberg)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-axiomatic/"><strong>axiomatic theories of</strong></a> (Volker Halbach and Graham E. Leigh) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-coherence/"><strong>coherence theory of</strong></a> (James O. Young) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-correspondence/"><strong>correspondence theory of</strong></a> (Marian David) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-deflationary/"><strong>deflationation about</strong></a> (Bradley Armour-Garb, Daniel Stoljar, and James Woodbridge) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-identity/"><strong>identity theory of</strong></a> (Richard Gaskin) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-pluralist/"><strong>pluralist theories of</strong></a> (Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Cory Wright) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-pragmatic/"><strong>pragmatic theory of</strong></a> (John Capps) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/truth-revision/"><strong>revision theory of</strong></a> (Philip Kremer) </li>
   <li> Tarski&rsquo;s theory of truth &mdash; see <a href="entries/tarski-truth/">Tarski, Alfred: truth definitions</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/truthlikeness/"><strong>truthlikeness</strong></a> (Graham Oddie) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/truthmakers/"><strong>truthmakers</strong></a> (Fraser MacBride) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/truth-values/"><strong>truth values</strong></a> (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/tsongkhapa/"><strong>Tsongkhapa</strong></a> (Gareth Sparham) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/turing/"><strong>Turing, Alan</strong></a> (Andrew Hodges) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/turing-machine/"><strong>Turing machines</strong></a> (Liesbeth De Mol) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/turing-test/"><strong>Turing test</strong></a> (Graham Oppy and David Dowe) </li>
<li> Turnbull, George &mdash; see <a href="entries/scottish-18th/">Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/twardowski/"><strong>Twardowski, Kazimierz</strong></a> (Arianna Betti) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/twotruths-india/"><strong>two truths in India, theory of</strong></a> (Sonam Thakchoe) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/twotruths-tibet/"><strong>two truths in Tibet, theory of</strong></a> (Sonam Thakchoe) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/types-tokens/"><strong>types and tokens</strong></a> (Linda Wetzel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/type-theory/"><strong>type theory</strong></a> (Thierry Coquand)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/type-theory-church/"><strong>Church&rsquo;s type theory</strong></a> (Christoph Benzm&uuml;ller and Peter Andrews) </li>
   <li> constructive &mdash; see <a href="entries/type-theory-intuitionistic/">type theory: intuitionistic</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/type-theory-intuitionistic/"><strong>intuitionistic</strong></a> (Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren) </li>
   </ul></li>
</ul>
<a id="u"></a>
<hr />
<h2>U <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> ultimates
   <ul>
   <li> and God &mdash; see <a href="entries/god-ultimates/">God: and other ultimates</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/umar-khayyam/"><strong>Umar Khayyam</strong></a> (Mehdi Aminrazavi and Glen Van Brummelen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/qt-uncertainty/"><strong>Uncertainty Principle</strong></a> (Jan Hilgevoord and Jos Uffink) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/scientific-underdetermination/"><strong>underdetermination, of scientific theories</strong></a> (Kyle Stanford) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/understanding/"><strong>understanding</strong></a> (Stephen Grimm) </li>
<li> units and levels of natural selection &mdash; see <a href="entries/selection-units/">natural selection: units and levels of</a> </li>
<li> unity of science &mdash; see <a href="entries/scientific-unity/">science: unity of</a> </li>
<li> universal hylomorphism &mdash; see <a href="entries/binarium/"><em>binarium famosissimum</em></a> </li>
<li> universals &mdash; see <a href="entries/properties/">properties</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/universals-medieval/"><strong>the medieval problem of</strong></a> (Gyula Klima) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> utilitarianism &mdash; see <a href="entries/consequentialism/">consequentialism</a>
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/utilitarianism-history/"><strong>history of</strong></a> (Julia Driver) </li>
   <li> rule &mdash; see <a href="entries/consequentialism-rule/">consequentialism: rule</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
</ul>
<a id="v"></a>
<hr />
<h2>V <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/vagueness/"><strong>vagueness</strong></a> (Roy Sorensen) </li>
<li> vagueness of composition &mdash; see <a href="entries/problem-of-many/">many, problem of</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/vaihinger/"><strong>Vaihinger, Hans</strong></a> (Timothy Stoll) </li>
<li> validity &mdash; see <a href="entries/logical-truth/">logical truth</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/lorenzo-valla/"><strong>Valla, Lorenzo</strong></a> (Lodi Nauta) </li>
<li> value
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/value-incommensurable/"><strong>incommensurable</strong></a> (Nien-h&ecirc; Hsieh and Henrik Andersson) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/"><strong>intrinsic vs. extrinsic</strong></a> (Michael J. Zimmerman and Ben Bradley) </li>
   <li> of knowledge &mdash; see <a href="entries/knowledge-value/">knowledge, value of</a> </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/value-pluralism/"><strong>pluralism</strong></a> (Elinor Mason) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/value-theory/"><strong>value theory</strong></a> (Mark Schroeder) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/vasubandhu/"><strong>Vasubandhu</strong></a> (Jonathan C. Gold) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/vegetarianism/"><strong>vegetarianism, ethics of</strong></a> (Tyler Doggett) </li>
<li> veil of ignorance &mdash; see <a href="entries/original-position/">original position</a> </li>
<li> verbs, intensional transitive &mdash; see <a href="entries/intensional-trans-verbs/">intensional transitive verbs</a> </li>
<li> verisimilitude &mdash; see <a href="entries/truthlikeness/">truthlikeness</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/vico/"><strong>Vico, Giambattista</strong></a> (Timothy Costelloe) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/vienna-circle/"><strong>Vienna Circle</strong></a> (Thomas Uebel) </li>
<li> virtue
   <ul>
   <li> ancient theories of &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-ancient/">ethics: ancient</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> virtue ethics &mdash; see <a href="entries/ethics-virtue/">ethics: virtue</a> </li>
<li> visual thinking in mathematics
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/epistemology-visual-thinking/"><strong>epistemology of</strong></a> (Marcus Giaquinto) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Viterbo, James of &mdash; see <a href="entries/james-viterbo/">James of Viterbo</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/vives/"><strong>Vives, Juan Luis</strong></a> (Lorenzo Casini) </li>
<li> volition &mdash; see <a href="entries/freewill/">free will</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/voltaire/"><strong>Voltaire</strong></a> (J.B. Shank) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/voluntarism-theological/"><strong>voluntarism, theological</strong></a> (Mark Murphy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/voting/"><strong>voting</strong></a> (Jason Brennan)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/voting-methods/"><strong>methods</strong></a> (Eric Pacuit) </li>
   </ul></li>
</ul>
<a id="w"></a>
<hr />
<h2>W <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/wang-yangming/"><strong>Wang Yangming</strong></a> (Bryan Van Norden) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/war/"><strong>war</strong></a> (Seth Lazar) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/james-ward/"><strong>Ward, James</strong></a> (Pierfrancesco Basile) </li>
<li> warrant, transmission of &mdash; see <a href="entries/transmission-justification-warrant/">transmission of justification and warrant</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/watsuji-tetsuro/"><strong>Watsuji Tetsur&#333;</strong></a> (Robert Carter and Erin McCarthy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/weakness-will/"><strong>weakness of will</strong></a> (Sarah Stroud and Larisa Svirsky) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/weber/"><strong>Weber, Max</strong></a> (Sung Ho Kim) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/simone-weil/"><strong>Weil, Simone</strong></a> (A. Rebecca Rozelle-Stone and Benjamin P. Davis) </li>
<li> welfare economics &mdash; see <a href="entries/economic-justice/">economics and economic justice</a>
   <ul>
   <li> intergenerational, and Ramsey &mdash; see <a href="entries/ramsey-economics/">Ramsey, Frank: and intergenerational welfare economics</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/well-being/"><strong>well-being</strong></a> (Roger Crisp) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/weyl/"><strong>Weyl, Hermann</strong></a> (John L. Bell and Herbert Kort&eacute;) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/whewell/"><strong>Whewell, William</strong></a> (Laura J. Snyder) </li>
<li> Whichcote, Benjamin &mdash; see <a href="entries/cambridge-platonists/">Cambridge Platonists</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/whitehead/"><strong>Whitehead, Alfred North</strong></a> (Ronald Desmet and Andrew David Irvine) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/william-auvergne/"><strong>William of Auvergne</strong></a> (Neil Lewis) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/william-champeaux/"><strong>William of Champeaux</strong></a> (Kevin Guilfoy) </li>
<li> William of Ockham &mdash; see <a href="entries/ockham/">Ockham, William</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/william-sherwood/"><strong>William of Sherwood</strong></a> (Sara L. Uckelman) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/williams-bernard/"><strong>Williams, Bernard</strong></a> (Sophie-Grace Chappell and Nicholas Smyth) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/williams-dc/"><strong>Williams, Donald Cary</strong></a> (Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wilson/"><strong>Wilson, John Cook</strong></a> (Mathieu Marion) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wilhelm-windelband/"><strong>Windelband, Wilhelm</strong></a> (Katherina Kinzel) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wisdom/"><strong>wisdom</strong></a> (Sharon Ryan) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein/"><strong>Wittgenstein, Ludwig</strong></a> (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein-aesthetics/"><strong>aesthetics</strong></a> (Garry Hagberg) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein-atomism/"><strong>logical atomism</strong></a> (Ian Proops) </li>
   <li> <a href="entries/wittgenstein-mathematics/"><strong>philosophy of mathematics</strong></a> (Victor Rodych) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/wodeham/"><strong>Wodeham, Adam de</strong></a> (John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wolff-christian/"><strong>Wolff, Christian</strong></a> (Matt Hettche and Corey Dyck) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wollstonecraft/"><strong>Wollstonecraft, Mary</strong></a> (Sylvana Tomaselli) </li>
<li> word meaning &mdash; see <a href="entries/word-meaning/">meaning: of words</a> </li>
<li> <a href="entries/work-labor/"><strong>work and labor</strong></a> (Michael Cholbi) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/world-government/"><strong>world government</strong></a> (Catherine Lu) </li>
<li> worlds
   <ul>
   <li> impossible &mdash; see <a href="entries/impossible-worlds/">impossible worlds</a> </li>
   <li> possible &mdash; see <a href="entries/possible-worlds/">possible worlds</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/wright/"><strong>Wright, Chauncey</strong></a> (Jean De Groot) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wilhelm-wundt/"><strong>Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian</strong></a> (Alan Kim) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/wyclif/"><strong>Wyclif, John</strong></a> (Alessandro Conti)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/wyclif-political/"><strong>political Philosophy</strong></a> (Stephen Lahey) </li>
   </ul></li>
</ul>
<a id="x"></a>
<hr />
<h2>X <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/xenocrates/"><strong>Xenocrates</strong></a> (Russell Dancy) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/xenophanes/"><strong>Xenophanes</strong></a> (James Lesher) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/xunzi/"><strong>Xunzi</strong></a> (Paul R. Goldin) </li>
</ul>
<a id="y"></a>
<hr />
<h2>Y <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/yorck/"><strong>Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Paul</strong></a> (Ingo Farin) </li>
</ul>
<a id="z"></a>
<hr />
<h2>Z <a href="#pagetopright" style="font-size: 10px; margin: 0px;">[jump to top]</a></h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="entries/zabarella/"><strong>Zabarella, Giacomo</strong></a> (Heikki Mikkeli) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/zeno-elea/"><strong>Zeno of Elea</strong></a> (John Palmer)
   <ul>
   <li> <a href="entries/paradox-zeno/"><strong>Zeno&rsquo;s paradoxes</strong></a> (Nick Huggett) </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> Zermelo, Ernst
   <ul>
   <li> axiomatization of set theory &mdash; see <a href="entries/zermelo-set-theory/">set theory: Zermelo&rsquo;s axiomatization of</a> </li>
   </ul></li>
<li> <a href="entries/zhuangzi/"><strong>Zhuangzi</strong></a> (Chad Hansen) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/zhu-xi/"><strong>Zhu Xi</strong></a> (Kirill Thompson) </li>
<li> <a href="entries/zombies/"><strong>zombies</strong></a> (Robert Kirk) </li>
</ul>
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