systemPipeR 2.2.0
Users want to provide here background information about the design of their RNA-Seq project.
systemPipeRdata package is a helper package to generate a fully populated systemPipeR workflow environment in the current working directory with a single command. All the instruction for generating the workflow are provide in the systemPipeRdata vignette here.
systemPipeRdata::genWorkenvir(workflow = "rnaseq", mydirname = "rnaseq")
setwd("rnaseq")
Typically, the user wants to record here the sources and versions of the
reference genome sequence along with the corresponding annotations. In
the provided sample data set all data inputs are stored in a data
subdirectory and all results will be written to a separate results
directory,
while the systemPipeRNAseq.Rmd
workflow and the targets
file are expected to be
located in the parent directory.
The chosen data set used by this report SRP010938 contains 18 paired-end (PE) read sets from Arabidposis thaliana (Howard et al. 2013). To minimize processing time during testing, each FASTQ file has been subsetted to 90,000-100,000 randomly sampled PE reads that map to the first 100,000 nucleotides of each chromosome of the A. thaliana genome. The corresponding reference genome sequence (FASTA) and its GFF annotation files have been truncated accordingly. This way the entire test sample data set is less than 200MB in storage space. A PE read set has been chosen for this test data set for flexibility, because it can be used for testing both types of analysis routines requiring either SE (single end) reads or PE reads.
To work with real data, users want to organize their own data similarly
and substitute all test data for their own data. To rerun an established
workflow on new data, the initial targets
file along with the corresponding
FASTQ files are usually the only inputs the user needs to provide.
For more details, please consult the documentation
here. More information about the targets
files from systemPipeR can be found here.
targets
fileThe targets
file defines all FASTQ files and sample comparisons of the analysis workflow.
targetspath <- system.file("extdata", "targetsPE.txt", package = "systemPipeR")
targets <- read.delim(targetspath, comment.char = "#")
targets[1:4, -c(5, 6)]
## FileName1 FileName2
## 1 ./data/SRR446027_1.fastq.gz ./data/SRR446027_2.fastq.gz
## 2 ./data/SRR446028_1.fastq.gz ./data/SRR446028_2.fastq.gz
## 3 ./data/SRR446029_1.fastq.gz ./data/SRR446029_2.fastq.gz
## 4 ./data/SRR446030_1.fastq.gz ./data/SRR446030_2.fastq.gz
## SampleName Factor Date
## 1 M1A M1 23-Mar-2012
## 2 M1B M1 23-Mar-2012
## 3 A1A A1 23-Mar-2012
## 4 A1B A1 23-Mar-2012
To work with custom data, users need to generate a targets
file containing
the paths to their own FASTQ files.
systemPipeR
workflows can be designed and built from start to finish with a
single command, importing from an R Markdown file or stepwise in interactive
mode from the R console.
This tutorial will demonstrate how to build the workflow in an interactive mode,
appending each step. The workflow is constructed by connecting each step via
appendStep
method. Each SYSargsList
instance contains instructions for
processing a set of input files with a specific command-line or R software
and the paths to the corresponding outfiles generated by a particular command-line
software/step.
To create a workflow within systemPipeR
, we can start by defining an empty
container and checking the directory structure:
library(systemPipeR)
sal <- SPRproject()
sal
The systemPipeR
package needs to be loaded (H Backman and Girke 2016).
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library(systemPipeR)
}, step_name = "load_SPR")
preprocessReads
functionThe function preprocessReads
allows to apply predefined or custom
read preprocessing functions to all FASTQ files referenced in a
SYSargsList
container, such as quality filtering or adapter trimming
routines. Internally, preprocessReads
uses the FastqStreamer
function from
the ShortRead
package to stream through large FASTQ files in a
memory-efficient manner. The following example performs adapter trimming with
the trimLRPatterns
function from the Biostrings
package.
Here, we are appending this step to the SYSargsList
object created previously.
All the parameters are defined on the preprocessReads/preprocessReads-pe.yml
file.
appendStep(sal) <- SYSargsList(step_name = "preprocessing", targets = "targetsPE.txt",
dir = TRUE, wf_file = "preprocessReads/preprocessReads-pe.cwl",
input_file = "preprocessReads/preprocessReads-pe.yml", dir_path = system.file("extdata/cwl",
package = "systemPipeR"), inputvars = c(FileName1 = "_FASTQ_PATH1_",
FileName2 = "_FASTQ_PATH2_", SampleName = "_SampleName_"),
dependency = c("load_SPR"))
After the preprocessing step, the outfiles
files can be used to generate the new
targets files containing the paths to the trimmed FASTQ files. The new targets
information can be used for the next workflow step instance, e.g. running the
NGS alignments with the trimmed FASTQ files. The appendStep
function is
automatically handling this connectivity between steps. Please check the next
step for more details.
The following example shows how one can design a custom read ‘preprocessReads’
function using utilities provided by the ShortRead
package, and then run it
in batch mode with the ‘preprocessReads’ function. Here, it is possible to
replace the function used on the preprocessing
step and modify the sal
object.
Because it is a custom function, it is necessary to save the part in the R object,
and internally the preprocessReads.doc.R
is loading the custom function.
If the R object is saved with a different name (here "param/customFCT.RData"
),
please replace that accordingly in the preprocessReads.doc.R
.
Please, note that this step is not added to the workflow, here just for demonstration.
First, we defined the custom function in the workflow:
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
filterFct <- function(fq, cutoff = 20, Nexceptions = 0) {
qcount <- rowSums(as(quality(fq), "matrix") <= cutoff,
na.rm = TRUE)
# Retains reads where Phred scores are >= cutoff
# with N exceptions
fq[qcount <= Nexceptions]
}
save(list = ls(), file = "param/customFCT.RData")
}, step_name = "custom_preprocessing_function", dependency = "preprocessing")
After, we can edit the input parameter:
yamlinput(sal, "preprocessing")$Fct
yamlinput(sal, "preprocessing", "Fct") <- "'filterFct(fq, cutoff=20, Nexceptions=0)'"
yamlinput(sal, "preprocessing")$Fct ## check the new function
cmdlist(sal, "preprocessing", targets = 1) ## check if the command line was updated with success
Trimmomatic software (Bolger, Lohse, and Usadel 2014) performs a variety of useful trimming tasks for Illumina paired-end and single ended data. Here, an example of how to perform this task using parameters template files for trimming FASTQ files.
This step is optional.
appendStep(sal) <- SYSargsList(step_name = "trimming", targets = "targetsPE.txt",
wf_file = "trimmomatic/trimmomatic-pe.cwl", input_file = "trimmomatic/trimmomatic-pe.yml",
dir_path = system.file("extdata/cwl", package = "systemPipeR"),
inputvars = c(FileName1 = "_FASTQ_PATH1_", FileName2 = "_FASTQ_PATH2_",
SampleName = "_SampleName_"), dependency = "load_SPR",
run_step = "optional")
The following seeFastq
and seeFastqPlot
functions generate and plot a series of useful
quality statistics for a set of FASTQ files, including per cycle quality box
plots, base proportions, base-level quality trends, relative k-mer
diversity, length, and occurrence distribution of reads, number of reads
above quality cutoffs and mean quality distribution. The results are
written to a PDF file named fastqReport.pdf
.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
fastq <- getColumn(sal, step = "preprocessing", "targetsWF",
column = 1)
fqlist <- seeFastq(fastq = fastq, batchsize = 10000, klength = 8)
pdf("./results/fastqReport.pdf", height = 18, width = 4 *
length(fqlist))
seeFastqPlot(fqlist)
dev.off()
}, step_name = "fastq_report", dependency = "preprocessing")
HISAT2
The following steps will demonstrate how to use the short read aligner Hisat2
(Kim, Langmead, and Salzberg 2015). First, the Hisat2
index needs to be created.
appendStep(sal) <- SYSargsList(step_name = "hisat2_index", dir = FALSE,
targets = NULL, wf_file = "hisat2/hisat2-index.cwl", input_file = "hisat2/hisat2-index.yml",
dir_path = "param/cwl", dependency = "load_SPR")
HISAT2
mappingThe parameter settings of the aligner are defined in the workflow_hisat2-pe.cwl
and workflow_hisat2-pe.yml
files. The following shows how to construct the
corresponding SYSargsList object.
appendStep(sal) <- SYSargsList(step_name = "hisat2_mapping",
dir = TRUE, targets = "preprocessing", wf_file = "workflow-hisat2/workflow_hisat2-pe.cwl",
input_file = "workflow-hisat2/workflow_hisat2-pe.yml", dir_path = "param/cwl",
inputvars = c(preprocessReads_1 = "_FASTQ_PATH1_", preprocessReads_2 = "_FASTQ_PATH2_",
SampleName = "_SampleName_"), rm_targets_col = c("FileName1",
"FileName2"), dependency = c("preprocessing", "hisat2_index"))
To double-check the command line for each sample, please use the following:
cmdlist(sal, step = "hisat2_mapping", targets = 1)
The following provides an overview of the number of reads in each sample and how many of them aligned to the reference.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
fqpaths <- getColumn(sal, step = "preprocessing", "targetsWF",
column = "FileName1")
bampaths <- getColumn(sal, step = "hisat2_mapping", "outfiles",
column = "samtools_sort_bam")
read_statsDF <- alignStats(args = bampaths, fqpaths = fqpaths,
pairEnd = TRUE)
write.table(read_statsDF, "results/alignStats.xls", row.names = FALSE,
quote = FALSE, sep = "\t")
}, step_name = "align_stats", dependency = "hisat2_mapping")
The symLink2bam
function creates symbolic links to view the BAM alignment files in a
genome browser such as IGV without moving these large files to a local
system. The corresponding URLs are written to a file with a path
specified under urlfile
, here IGVurl.txt
.
Please replace the directory and the user name.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
bampaths <- getColumn(sal, step = "hisat2_mapping", "outfiles",
column = "samtools_sort_bam")
symLink2bam(sysargs = bampaths, htmldir = c("~/.html/", "somedir/"),
urlbase = "http://cluster.hpcc.ucr.edu/~tgirke/", urlfile = "./results/IGVurl.txt")
}, step_name = "bam_IGV", dependency = "hisat2_mapping", run_step = "optional")
Reads overlapping with annotation ranges of interest are counted for
each sample using the summarizeOverlaps
function (Lawrence et al. 2013).
The read counting is preformed for exon gene regions in a non-strand-specific
manner while ignoring overlaps among different genes. Subsequently, the expression
count values are normalized by reads per kp per million mapped reads
(RPKM). The raw read count table (countDFeByg.xls
) and the corresponding
RPKM table (rpkmDFeByg.xls
) are written to separate files in the directory of
this project. Parallelization is achieved with the BiocParallel
package,
here using 4 CPU cores.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library(GenomicFeatures)
txdb <- suppressWarnings(makeTxDbFromGFF(file = "data/tair10.gff",
format = "gff", dataSource = "TAIR", organism = "Arabidopsis thaliana"))
saveDb(txdb, file = "./data/tair10.sqlite")
}, step_name = "create_db", dependency = "hisat2_mapping")
summarizeOverlaps
in parallel mode using multiple coresappendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library(GenomicFeatures)
library(BiocParallel)
txdb <- loadDb("./data/tair10.sqlite")
outpaths <- getColumn(sal, step = "hisat2_mapping", "outfiles",
column = "samtools_sort_bam")
eByg <- exonsBy(txdb, by = c("gene"))
bfl <- BamFileList(outpaths, yieldSize = 50000, index = character())
multicoreParam <- MulticoreParam(workers = 4)
register(multicoreParam)
registered()
counteByg <- bplapply(bfl, function(x) summarizeOverlaps(eByg,
x, mode = "Union", ignore.strand = TRUE, inter.feature = FALSE,
singleEnd = FALSE, BPPARAM = multicoreParam))
countDFeByg <- sapply(seq(along = counteByg), function(x) assays(counteByg[[x]])$counts)
rownames(countDFeByg) <- names(rowRanges(counteByg[[1]]))
colnames(countDFeByg) <- names(bfl)
rpkmDFeByg <- apply(countDFeByg, 2, function(x) returnRPKM(counts = x,
ranges = eByg))
write.table(countDFeByg, "results/countDFeByg.xls", col.names = NA,
quote = FALSE, sep = "\t")
write.table(rpkmDFeByg, "results/rpkmDFeByg.xls", col.names = NA,
quote = FALSE, sep = "\t")
## Creating a SummarizedExperiment object
colData <- data.frame(row.names = SampleName(sal, "hisat2_mapping"),
condition = getColumn(sal, "hisat2_mapping", position = "targetsWF",
column = "Factor"))
colData$condition <- factor(colData$condition)
countDF_se <- SummarizedExperiment::SummarizedExperiment(assays = countDFeByg,
colData = colData)
## Add results as SummarizedExperiment to the workflow
## object
SE(sal, "read_counting") <- countDF_se
}, step_name = "read_counting", dependency = "create_db")
When providing a BamFileList
as in the example above, summarizeOverlaps
methods
use by default bplapply
and use the register interface from BiocParallel package.
If the number of workers is not set, MulticoreParam
will use the number of cores
returned by parallel::detectCores()
. For more information,
please check help("summarizeOverlaps")
documentation.
Note, for most statistical differential expression or abundance analysis
methods, such as edgeR
or DESeq2
, the raw count values should be used as input. The
usage of RPKM values should be restricted to specialty applications
required by some users, e.g. manually comparing the expression levels
among different genes or features.
The following computes the sample-wise Spearman correlation coefficients from
the rlog
transformed expression values generated with the DESeq2
package. After
transformation to a distance matrix, hierarchical clustering is performed with
the hclust
function and the result is plotted as a dendrogram
(also see file sample_tree.pdf
).
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library(DESeq2, quietly = TRUE)
library(ape, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
## Extracting SummarizedExperiment object
se <- SE(sal, "read_counting")
dds <- DESeqDataSet(se, design = ~condition)
d <- cor(assay(rlog(dds)), method = "spearman")
hc <- hclust(dist(1 - d))
pdf("results/sample_tree.pdf")
plot.phylo(as.phylo(hc), type = "p", edge.col = "blue", edge.width = 2,
show.node.label = TRUE, no.margin = TRUE)
dev.off()
}, step_name = "sample_tree", dependency = "read_counting")
The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) is performed with
the glm
method of the edgeR
package (Robinson, McCarthy, and Smyth 2010). The sample
comparisons used by this analysis are defined in the header lines of the
targets.txt
file starting with <CMP>
.
edgeR
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library(edgeR)
countDF <- read.delim("results/countDFeByg.xls", row.names = 1,
check.names = FALSE)
cmp <- readComp(stepsWF(sal)[["hisat2_mapping"]], format = "matrix",
delim = "-")
edgeDF <- run_edgeR(countDF = countDF, targets = targetsWF(sal)[["hisat2_mapping"]],
cmp = cmp[[1]], independent = FALSE, mdsplot = "")
}, step_name = "run_edger", dependency = "read_counting")
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library("biomaRt")
m <- useMart("plants_mart", dataset = "athaliana_eg_gene",
host = "https://plants.ensembl.org")
desc <- getBM(attributes = c("tair_locus", "description"),
mart = m)
desc <- desc[!duplicated(desc[, 1]), ]
descv <- as.character(desc[, 2])
names(descv) <- as.character(desc[, 1])
edgeDF <- data.frame(edgeDF, Desc = descv[rownames(edgeDF)],
check.names = FALSE)
write.table(edgeDF, "./results/edgeRglm_allcomp.xls", quote = FALSE,
sep = "\t", col.names = NA)
}, step_name = "custom_annot", dependency = "run_edger")
Filter and plot DEG results for up and down regulated genes. The
definition of up and down is given in the corresponding help
file. To open it, type ?filterDEGs
in the R console.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
edgeDF <- read.delim("results/edgeRglm_allcomp.xls", row.names = 1,
check.names = FALSE)
pdf("results/DEGcounts.pdf")
DEG_list <- filterDEGs(degDF = edgeDF, filter = c(Fold = 2,
FDR = 20))
dev.off()
write.table(DEG_list$Summary, "./results/DEGcounts.xls",
quote = FALSE, sep = "\t", row.names = FALSE)
}, step_name = "filter_degs", dependency = "custom_annot")
The overLapper
function can compute Venn intersects for large numbers of sample
sets (up to 20 or more) and plots 2-5 way Venn diagrams. A useful
feature is the possibility to combine the counts from several Venn
comparisons with the same number of sample sets in a single Venn diagram
(here for 4 up and down DEG sets).
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
vennsetup <- overLapper(DEG_list$Up[6:9], type = "vennsets")
vennsetdown <- overLapper(DEG_list$Down[6:9], type = "vennsets")
pdf("results/vennplot.pdf")
vennPlot(list(vennsetup, vennsetdown), mymain = "", mysub = "",
colmode = 2, ccol = c("blue", "red"))
dev.off()
}, step_name = "venn_diagram", dependency = "filter_degs")
The following shows how to obtain gene-to-GO mappings from biomaRt
(here for A.
thaliana) and how to organize them for the downstream GO term
enrichment analysis. Alternatively, the gene-to-GO mappings can be
obtained for many organisms from Bioconductor’s *.db
genome annotation
packages or GO annotation files provided by various genome databases.
For each annotation this relatively slow preprocessing step needs to be
performed only once. Subsequently, the preprocessed data can be loaded
with the load
function as shown in the next subsection.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library("biomaRt")
# listMarts() # To choose BioMart database
# listMarts(host='plants.ensembl.org')
m <- useMart("plants_mart", host = "https://plants.ensembl.org")
# listDatasets(m)
m <- useMart("plants_mart", dataset = "athaliana_eg_gene",
host = "https://plants.ensembl.org")
# listAttributes(m) # Choose data types you want to
# download
go <- getBM(attributes = c("go_id", "tair_locus", "namespace_1003"),
mart = m)
go <- go[go[, 3] != "", ]
go[, 3] <- as.character(go[, 3])
go[go[, 3] == "molecular_function", 3] <- "F"
go[go[, 3] == "biological_process", 3] <- "P"
go[go[, 3] == "cellular_component", 3] <- "C"
go[1:4, ]
if (!dir.exists("./data/GO"))
dir.create("./data/GO")
write.table(go, "data/GO/GOannotationsBiomart_mod.txt", quote = FALSE,
row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, sep = "\t")
catdb <- makeCATdb(myfile = "data/GO/GOannotationsBiomart_mod.txt",
lib = NULL, org = "", colno = c(1, 2, 3), idconv = NULL)
save(catdb, file = "data/GO/catdb.RData")
}, step_name = "get_go_annot", dependency = "filter_degs")
Apply the enrichment analysis to the DEG sets obtained the above differential
expression analysis. Note, in the following example the FDR
filter is set
here to an unreasonably high value, simply because of the small size of the toy
data set used in this vignette. Batch enrichment analysis of many gene sets is
performed with the function. When method=all
, it returns all GO terms passing
the p-value cutoff specified under the cutoff
arguments. When method=slim
,
it returns only the GO terms specified under the myslimv
argument. The given
example shows how a GO slim vector for a specific organism can be obtained from
BioMart
.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library("biomaRt")
load("data/GO/catdb.RData")
DEG_list <- filterDEGs(degDF = edgeDF, filter = c(Fold = 2,
FDR = 50), plot = FALSE)
up_down <- DEG_list$UporDown
names(up_down) <- paste(names(up_down), "_up_down", sep = "")
up <- DEG_list$Up
names(up) <- paste(names(up), "_up", sep = "")
down <- DEG_list$Down
names(down) <- paste(names(down), "_down", sep = "")
DEGlist <- c(up_down, up, down)
DEGlist <- DEGlist[sapply(DEGlist, length) > 0]
BatchResult <- GOCluster_Report(catdb = catdb, setlist = DEGlist,
method = "all", id_type = "gene", CLSZ = 2, cutoff = 0.9,
gocats = c("MF", "BP", "CC"), recordSpecGO = NULL)
m <- useMart("plants_mart", dataset = "athaliana_eg_gene",
host = "https://plants.ensembl.org")
goslimvec <- as.character(getBM(attributes = c("goslim_goa_accession"),
mart = m)[, 1])
BatchResultslim <- GOCluster_Report(catdb = catdb, setlist = DEGlist,
method = "slim", id_type = "gene", myslimv = goslimvec,
CLSZ = 10, cutoff = 0.01, gocats = c("MF", "BP", "CC"),
recordSpecGO = NULL)
write.table(BatchResultslim, "results/GOBatchSlim.xls", row.names = FALSE,
quote = FALSE, sep = "\t")
}, step_name = "go_enrich", dependency = "get_go_annot")
The data.frame
generated by GOCluster
can be plotted with the goBarplot
function. Because of the
variable size of the sample sets, it may not always be desirable to show
the results from different DEG sets in the same bar plot. Plotting
single sample sets is achieved by subsetting the input data frame as
shown in the first line of the following example.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
gos <- BatchResultslim[grep("M6-V6_up_down", BatchResultslim$CLID),
]
gos <- BatchResultslim
pdf("results/GOslimbarplotMF.pdf", height = 8, width = 10)
goBarplot(gos, gocat = "MF")
goBarplot(gos, gocat = "BP")
goBarplot(gos, gocat = "CC")
dev.off()
}, step_name = "go_plot", dependency = "go_enrich")
The following example performs hierarchical clustering on the rlog
transformed expression matrix subsetted by the DEGs identified in the above
differential expression analysis. It uses a Pearson correlation-based distance
measure and complete linkage for cluster joining.
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
library(pheatmap)
geneids <- unique(as.character(unlist(DEG_list[[1]])))
y <- assay(rlog(dds))[geneids, ]
pdf("results/heatmap1.pdf")
pheatmap(y, scale = "row", clustering_distance_rows = "correlation",
clustering_distance_cols = "correlation")
dev.off()
}, step_name = "heatmap", dependency = "go_enrich")
appendStep(sal) <- LineWise(code = {
sessionInfo()
}, step_name = "sessionInfo", dependency = "heatmap")
For running the workflow, runWF
function will execute all the steps store in
the workflow container. The execution will be on a single machine without
submitting to a queuing system of a computer cluster.
sal <- runWF(sal)
Alternatively, the computation can be greatly accelerated by processing many files in parallel using several compute nodes of a cluster, where a scheduling/queuing system is used for load balancing.
The resources
list object provides the number of independent parallel cluster
processes defined under the Njobs
element in the list. The following example
will run 18 processes in parallel using each 4 CPU cores.
If the resources available on a cluster allow running all 18 processes at the
same time, then the shown sample submission will utilize in a total of 72 CPU cores.
Note, runWF
can be used with most queueing systems as it is based on utilities
from the batchtools
package, which supports the use of template files (*.tmpl
)
for defining the run parameters of different schedulers. To run the following
code, one needs to have both a conffile
(see .batchtools.conf.R
samples here)
and a template
file (see *.tmpl
samples here)
for the queueing available on a system. The following example uses the sample
conffile
and template
files for the Slurm scheduler provided by this package.
The resources can be appended when the step is generated, or it is possible to
add these resources later, as the following example using the addResources
function:
resources <- list(conffile=".batchtools.conf.R",
template="batchtools.slurm.tmpl",
Njobs=18,
walltime=120, ## minutes
ntasks=1,
ncpus=4,
memory=1024, ## Mb
partition = "short"
)
sal <- addResources(sal, c("hisat2_mapping"), resources = resources)
sal <- runWF(sal)
systemPipeR
workflows instances can be visualized with the plotWF
function.
plotWF(sal, rstudio = TRUE)
To check the summary of the workflow, we can use:
sal
statusWF(sal)
systemPipeR
compiles all the workflow execution logs in one central location,
making it easier to check any standard output (stdout
) or standard error
(stderr
) for any command-line tools used on the workflow or the R code stdout.
sal <- renderLogs(sal)
This project is funded by NSF award ABI-1661152.
Bolger, Anthony M, Marc Lohse, and Bjoern Usadel. 2014. “Trimmomatic: A Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data.” Bioinformatics 30 (15): 2114–20.
H Backman, Tyler W, and Thomas Girke. 2016. “systemPipeR: NGS workflow and report generation environment.” BMC Bioinformatics 17 (1): 388. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-016-1241-0.
Howard, Brian E, Qiwen Hu, Ahmet Can Babaoglu, Manan Chandra, Monica Borghi, Xiaoping Tan, Luyan He, et al. 2013. “High-Throughput RNA Sequencing of Pseudomonas-Infected Arabidopsis Reveals Hidden Transcriptome Complexity and Novel Splice Variants.” PLoS One 8 (10): e74183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074183.
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